This document discusses disorders of perception, including sensory distortions and hallucinations. It defines perception and divides disorders into sensory distortions, where a real object is perceived in a distorted way, and sensory deceptions, where a new perception occurs that may or may not be in response to external stimuli. Sensory distortions can involve changes in intensity, quality, spatial form, the experience of time, or splitting of perception. Hallucinations are false perceptions without an external object and can involve any of the senses, including hearing voices, visions, smells, tastes, tactile sensations, and a sense of presence. Hallucinations are discussed in the context of their relationship to emotions, sensory deprivation, and disorders of the central nervous system.
This slide contains information regarding Psychosomatic Disorders. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
This slide contains information regarding Psychosomatic Disorders. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
A presentation about depressive disorder. The presentation composed of the definition, causes, types, clinical feature, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention of depression
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
hii guys this is my ongoing presentation from my speciality class i hope u guys lije that please so i hope it is been useful for u in ur specialities by getting little help with that
SO GUYS ONCE AGAIN HERE I PRESENT U THE OWN MADE PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC DEMENTIA I HOPE U LIKE THAT IT IS BEEN USEFUL U WHILE MAKING PSYCHIATRIC PRESENTATION
A presentation about depressive disorder. The presentation composed of the definition, causes, types, clinical feature, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention of depression
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
hii guys this is my ongoing presentation from my speciality class i hope u guys lije that please so i hope it is been useful for u in ur specialities by getting little help with that
SO GUYS ONCE AGAIN HERE I PRESENT U THE OWN MADE PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC DEMENTIA I HOPE U LIKE THAT IT IS BEEN USEFUL U WHILE MAKING PSYCHIATRIC PRESENTATION
The presentation describes what id perception; differences between sensation, perception and imagery; disorders of perception and how to assess perception using mental status examination.
Individuals are capable of receiving information and
organizing it into meaningful entities. This processing
of the information to represent reality is called
PERCEPTION.
Perception is derived from Latin term, perceptio,
which means organization, identification, and
interpretation of sensory information.
It refers to the way world looks, sounds, feels, tastes
and smells, i.e. whatever is experienced by the person.
Sensory Distortions:-
perception of the
constant real object in a
distorted manner.
Sensory Deceptions:-
new perception in
response to external
stimuli.
Sensory Distortion:-
Change in intensity
Change in quality
Change in spatial form
Distortions of experience of time
Changes in Intensity (hyperaesthesia and
hypoaesthesia):-
Hyperaesthesia:- increased intensity of sensations.
intense emotions
lowering of physiological threshold
Anxiety and depressive disorder as well as hangover from
headache or migraine,- increased sensitivity to noise
(hyperacusis)
Hypomanic under influence of LSD (lysergic acid
diethylamide), seeing colours as bright and intense.
A true hypoacusis occurs in delirium, threshold for all
sensations are raised, associated with depression and ADD
(attention-deficit disorder).
Changes in Quality:- are mainly visual distortions
which colour all perceptions, because of toxic
substances.
Xanthopsia- colouring of yellow; by santonin
Chloropsia- colouring of green
Erythropsia- colouring of red
In derealisation, everything appears to unreal, while in
mania object looks perfect and beautiful.
Changes in Spatial Form (dysmegalopsia):- is
change in perceived shape of object, caused due to-
retinal disease
disorders of accommodation
disorders of convergence
temporal lobe lesions (mainly affecting posterior lobe)
Micropsia, seeing objects as smaller; macropsia
(meagalopsia) seeing objects as bigger.
Macropsia and micropsia have been used for changes
in perception of size in dreams and hallucination.
Micropsia:- is a visual disorder
in which patient sees object;
smaller than they really are
farther away than they really
are
experience of retreat of objects
into distance, without any
change in size (porropsia)
Oedema of retina image falls on
functionally smaller part of
retina
Partial paralysis of
accommodation
Macropsia:-
Scarring of retina with retraction
(distortion produced by scarring is
usually irregular, metamorphopsia
is more likely to occur)
Complete paralysis or
over-reactivity of accommodation
during near vision causes
macropsia.
If accommodation is normal but
convergence is weakened,
macropsia occurs and vice versa.
Although hypoxia and rapid
acceleration of body can affect
accommodation and convergence,
dysmegalopsia is rare among high
altitude pilots.
Disorders of Experience of Time:- There are two
varieties of time, physical and personal.
The psychiatric disorders are affected by personal
time.
Time flies when one is happy (in case of mania) and
time stops when one is sad (in case of de
According to WHO , there were 8,17,000 suicides globally in 2016, which is 1 person in every 40 seconds.
In the last 45 years suicide rates have increased by 60% worldwide. Suicide is now among the second leading cause of death among those aged 15-29 years (both sexes).
Suicide attempts up to 20 times more frequent than completed suicide.
Neuro electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues in the nervous system. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity of brain.
The DSM-5 organizes 10 personality disorders into 3 groups, or clusters, based on shared key features. Cluster C Personality disorders includes 3 disorders sharing anxious and fearful features. Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive.
The association of neuropsychiatric disorders with cerebrovascular disease has been recognized by clinicians for over 100 years. Disease of the vascular system contribute greatly to the sum total of psychiatric disability, chiefly in the elderly population, mainly as a result of stroke, cerebrovascular accidents & subarachnoid haemorrhage.
History about Malingering, Concept and nosology, Symptom presentation, Interview and observation, Psychological assessment, Diagnostic difficulty and Differential diagnosis.
Culture bound syndrome, culture related specific disorders, culture specific disorders/ syndromes, exotic psychiatric syndromes or Rare atypical unclassifiable disorders.
Significance of Brain imaging in Psychiatry. Most of the major Psychiatric disorders are associated with statistically significant differences on various Neuroimaging measures, when comparing groups of patients and controls.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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2. Definition
• Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio)
is the organization, identification, and
interpretation of sensory information in order
to represent and understand the environment.
• Conscious awareness of elements in the
environment by the mental processing of
sensory stimuli.
3. Disorders of Perception
• Divided into
• Sensory Distortion- Constant real perceptual
object which is perceived in a distorted way
• Sensory Deception- new perception that may
occur that may or may not be in response to
external stimuli
4. Sensory distortions
• Changes in perception that are the result of :
1. Change in the intensity,
2. Quality of the stimulus ,
3. Spatial form of the perception,
4. Distortions of the experience of time,
5. Splitting of perception.
5. Changes in intensity
• Increased intensity of sensation- hyperesthesia
seen in increasing sensations or lowering of
physiological threshold.
Seen in
anxiety
depressive disorder,
Hangover from alcohol
Migraine
hypochondria cal personalities
6. • Increased sensitivity to noise – Hyperacusis is
associated with Anxiety and depressive
disorders as well as hangover from alcohol
and migraine.
• Decreased sensitivity to noise – Hypoacusis,
occurs in delirium, where the threshold for all
sensations is raised. Hypoacusis feature of
other disorders associated with attentional
deficits such as depression and attention-
deficit disorder.
7. Changes in quality
Visual perception
• Xanthopsia- Coloring of yellow
• Chloropsia - Coloring of green
• Erythropsia- Coloring of red
which is result of drugs (santonin, poisoning
with mescaline or digitalis)
8. Changes in spatial form
• Change in percieved shape of an object, can
result from
Retinal disease
Disorders of accommodation
Temporal and Parietal Lobe Lesions
Poisoning with Atropine and Hyoscine
SCHIZOPHRENIA
9. • Micropsia : a visual disorder in which the
patient sees objects
o Smaller than they really are
o Farther away than they really are
• Macropsia or Megalopsia : opposite to
micropsia
10. • Porropsia : Experience of retreat of subjects
into the distance without any change in space.
Edema of the retina.
Partial Paralysis of accomdation.
Diseases affecting the nerves controlling
accommodation.
11. • MACROPSIA : Scarring of retina with
retraction
and complete paralysis of accommodation.
• DYSMEGALOPSIA: Objects are perceived
larger in one side and smaller in the other.
Atropine, Hyoscine poisoning
Chronic arachnoiditis
• METAMORPHOSIA: Irregular in shape.
12. Distortions in the experience of time
Mania- Time passes quickly
Depression- Time passes slowly
Temporal lobe lesions- feels time either passes
slowly or quickly.
Schizophrenia- have abnormalities of time
judgment, estimating intervals to be less than
they are.
13. Splitting of perception
• Seen sometimes with organic states and with
schizophrenia
• Unable to form usual assumed link between
two or more perceptions
• While watching TV experiencing a feeling of
competition between the visual and auditory
perception and not coming out of the same
source.
14. Sensory deceptions
• Illusions- Stimuli from a perceived object are
combined with a mental image to produce a
false perception.
15. Types of illusion
• Complete Illusion- These depends on misreading
words in newspapers or missing misprints
because we read the word as if it were capable.
• Affect Illusion-These arise in the context of
particular mood state.
• Paradolia- vivid illusions occur without the
patient making any effort ; are the result of
excessive fantasy thinking and a vivid visual
imagery.
16. Hallucination
• A perception without an object. (Esquirol)
• A false perception which is not a sensory
distortion or a misinterpretation but which
occurs at the same time as real perceptions.
(Jaspers)
17. Causes of Hallucination
• Intense emotions
• Suggestion
• Disorders of sense organs
• Sensory deprivation
• Disorders of CNS
18. Intense emotions
• Very depressed patients with delusions of
guilt. Hallucination tend to be disjointed or
fragmentary, uttering single words or short
phrases
• persecutory nature and may consist of voices
giving a commentary on person’s actions and
discussing him in a hostile manner.
19. Disorders of a peripheral sense organ
• Hallucinatory voices may occur in ear disease
and visual hallucinations in diseases of the
eye,
• Charles Bonnet syndrome (phantom visual
images) is a condition in which complex visual
hallucinations occur in the absence of any
psychopathology and in clear consciousness,
• It is associated with either central or
peripheral reduction in vision.
20. Charles Bonnet syndrome
• Feature of delirium, dementia, organic
affective or delusional syndromes, psychosis,
intoxication or neurological disorders with
lesion of central visual cortex are absent,
• Hallucination are located in external space,
much more vivid than the patient’s impaired
vision would otherwise permit,
21. Charles Bonnet syndrome
• May be modifiable by voluntary control,
• Usually insight is there concerning their
unreality,
• Can be either elementary or complex.
( Podoll et al, 1990)
22. Sensory deprivation
• If all incoming stimuli are related to minimum
in a normal subject they will begin to
hallucinate after few hours
• Usually these are changing visual
hallucinations and repetitive phrases
• BLACK PATCH DISEASE delirium following
cataract extraction in the aged result of
sensory deprivation and mild senile brain
changes
23. Disorders of CNS
• Lesions of the diencephalons and the cortex
can produce hallucinations that are usually
visual but can be auditory.
24. Hallucinations of individual senses
• Hearing
• Vision
• Smell
• Taste
• Touch
• Pain and deep sensation
• The sense of presence
25. Hearing
• Hearing (auditors) may be elementary or
unformed.
• Elementary – noises, bells or undifferentiated
whispers ; in organic states
• Partly organized- music
26. Hearing
• Completely organized-’Voices’ are
characteristic of schizophrenia,
• Can occur at any stage of the illness,
• As well as occurring in organic states, such as
delirium or dementia,
• They can occasionally occur in severe
depression but usually less well formed than
those described in schizophrenia.
27. Hearing
Imperative/Command hallucination
• Voices sometimes act upon individuals and give
instructions.
• may or may not act upon them
• Voices speak about the person in the third person and
may give a running commentary on their actions,
although this was one thought to be diagnostic of
schizophrenia, this is no longer the case since these
symptoms have also been described in mania
(Gonzalez-Pinto et al, 2003),
• Running commentary hallucinations are usually
abusive.
29. Hearing
• Thought echo - hearing one’s own thoughts
being spoken loud, voice may come from
inside or outside the head.
i. GEDANKENAUTWERDEN- thoughts are
spoken at the same time or before they are
occurring.
ii. ECHO DE LA PENSES- thoughts are spoken
just after they occurred.
30. Vision
• Elementary- flashes of light
• Partly organized- patterns
• Completely organized- visions of people animals
or objects.
Scenic hallucinations- whole scenes are
hallucinated like a cinema film,
More commonly seen in delirium
Also seen in psychiatric disorders associated with
epilepsy.
31. Vision
• Visual hallucinations are more common in
acute organic states with clouding of
consciousness than in functional psychosis.
• Patients with temporal-lobe epilepsy may
have combined auditory and visual
hallucinations,
• Some patients with schizophrenia may see
and hear people being tortured, murdered
and mutilated.
32. Vision
• Occasionally visual hallucinations occur in the
absence of any psychopathology or brain
disease and Charles Bonnet syndrome must
then be considered as the most likely
differential diagnosis.
33. Smell (olfactory)
Seen in
• Schizophrenia
• Organic states like temporal lobe epilepsy are
often ushered in by an aura involving an
unpleasant odour such as burning paint or
rubber with or without fit.
• Depression (uncommon)
PADRE PIO PHENOMENON- religious people can
smell roses around certain saints.
35. Touch( Tactile)
• Formication- a feeling that animals are
crawling over the body; not uncommon in
organic states
• Cocaine bug – formication occurring with
delusion of persecution in cocaine psychosis
• Sexual Hallucinations- seen in acute and
chronic schizophrenia
37. Superficial
1. Thermic ( cold wind blowing across the face),
2. Haptic ( feeling a hand brushing against the
skin)
3. Hygric ( feeling fluid ),
4. Paraesthetic ( feeling pins and needles).
38. Kinaesthetic
• Affects muscles and joints
• Patient feels their limbs are being twisted
pulled or moved
• Seen in schizophrenics
• Organic states such as alcohol intoxication and
benzodiazepine withdrawal
39. Pain and deep sensation
• Visceral hallucinations (SIMS 2003).
• Twisting and tearing pains
• Very bizarre complaints- organs being ripped
out and flesh ripped from his body
• Seen in chronic schizophrenia
• Delusional zoopathy in which delusional belief
that there is an animal crawling about in the
body and also a hallucinatory component
since the patient feels it & can describe it in
detail.
40. Sense of presence
• Organic states
• Schizophrenia
• Hysteria
• Normal people – Reverently religious
41. Special kinds of hallucination
• Functional hallucinations:
• a auditory stimulus causes the hallucination,
but it is experienced as well as the
hallucination.
• Seen in Chronic schizophrenia.
42. Special kinds of hallucination
• Reflex hallucinations
• Synaesthesia is the experience of a stimulus in
one sense modality producing a sensory
experience in another,
• Can occur under the influence of
hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD or mescaline
when the subject might describe feeling,
tasting and hearing flowers simultaneously.
43. Special kinds of hallucination
• Extracampine hallucinations-Hallucinations
that is outside the limits of the sensory field.
• Seen in healthy people as hypnagogic
hallucination
• Schizophrenia
• Organic conditions- epilepsy
44. Special kinds of hallucination
• Autoscopy or phantom mirror-image- The
patient sees himself and knows that it is he.
Not just visual hallucination , because even
kinesthetic and somatic sensations are
present
• Normal subjects- emotionally disturbed, tired
and exhausted
• Hysteria
• Schizophrenia
45. • Acute and sub acute delirious states
• Epilepsy
• Focal lesions in parieto occipital region
• Toxic infective states whose effect is greatest
in basal regions of the brain
• Drug addiction
• Chronic alcoholism
46. • Negative autoscopy: patients look in the
mirror and see no image which is seen in
organic states,
• Internal autoscopy: subject sees their own
internal organs, although this is rare.
47. Hypnagogic and hypnopompic
hallucinations
• Hallucinations occur when the subject is falling
asleep or waking up respectively,
• Hypnagogic hallucinations is about three times
more common than hypnopompic hallucinations.
• Hypnopompic a better indicator of narcolepsy.
• Commonest is auditory. His name being called
• May be geometrical designs , abstract shapes , faces
, figures or scenes from nature
• EEG shows alpha rhythm
48. Phantom Limb
• Most common organic somatic hallucination.
• Patient feels that they have a limb from which in
fact they are not receiving any sensations either
because it has been amputated or because the
sensory pathways from it have been destroyed.
• In rare cases with thalamo−parietal lesions the
patient describes a third limb.
49. Hallucinatory syndromes
• Disorders in which there are persistent
hallucinations in any sensory modality in the
absence of other psychotic features.
1. Alcoholic hallucinosis :
Hallucinations are usually auditory.
Occur during periods of relative abstinence.
They may be threatening or reproachful.
Hallucinations rarely persist longer than 1 week.
Associated with long-standing alcohol misuse.
50. 2. Organic hallucinosis:
• Present in 20−30% of patients with
dementia, especially of the Alzheimer type,
• Most commonly are auditory or visual,
• There is also disorientation and memory is
impaired.
51.
52. THANK YOU
“ WE DON’T SEE
THINGS AS THEY ARE,
WE SEE THINGS AS WE
ARE.”