This document provides a review for a Psych II final exam, covering topics including: - The divisions of the nervous system and functions of the autonomic nervous system - Functions of the brain hemispheres, lobes, and parts like the hippocampus and amygdala - The purpose of neurotransmitters and the parts of a neuron - Types of psychological studies and their purposes - Requirements for experiments and how they establish causation - Sleep cycles and disorders, effects of sleep deprivation, and categories of drugs It includes multiple-choice questions to test knowledge on these topics in preparation for the exam.

1. Psych II Final Exam Review

2. • 1. Sketch the divisions of the body’s nervous
system.

3. 1. Sketch the divisions of the body’s
nervous system?

4. • 2. What is the primary purpose of the
autonomic nervous system and what are the
nicknames for the two components?

5. • the part of the nervous system responsible for
control of the bodily functions not consciously
directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat,
and digestive processes.
• Sympathetic- flight or flight system!
• Parasympathetic- rest and digest system!

6. What are the primary functions of the
left and right hemisphere?

7. What are the primary functions of the
left and right hemisphere?
Left
• Language
• Logic
• Examples: math, science,
and many skills needed in
school. Needed to
communicate with others
and understand speech
Right
• Creativity
• Intuition
• Examples: Artists and
musicians have strengths in
these areas. Allows us to
interpret other people’s
emotions.

8. 4. What are functions of the following
lobes of the brain?
• Frontal-
• Parietal-
• Occipital-
• Temporal-

9. 4. What are functions of the following
lobes of the brain?
• Frontal- Decision-making, planning, and
aspects of personality (what makes you smart
and what makes you YOU)
• Parietal- Pain, sensation, touch, body
temperature
• Occipital- Vision
• Temporal- Hearing and speech
comprehension

10. 5. What are the functions of the
following parts of the brain?
• hippocampus- Formation of new LTMs
• thalamus- Relay station for sensory information
• medulla- Heart rate and breathing (life functions)
• amygdala- Fear and emotions
• cerebellum- balance, fine motor skills,
coordination
• pre-frontal cortex- planning and decision-making
• corpus collosum- connects the two hemispheres

11. 6. What is the purpose of
neurotransmitters in the body?

12. 6. What is the purpose of
neurotransmitters in the body?
• To transmit messages throughout the body
• Serotonin- mood, hunger, sleep
• Ach- learning, memory, movement
• Dopamine- reward pathway
• Endorphins- natural pain relievers

13. 7. Describe each part of the neuron
below.
• soma-
• axon-
• myelin sheath-
• dendrites-

14. 7. Describe each part of the neuron
below.
• dendrites- receives incoming messages
• soma- cell body
• axon- message travels down and is insulated
by…
• myelin sheath- protects and insulates the
axon (speeds up neural impulse)

15. 8. Describe each type of psychological
study briefly.
• cross-sectional design-
•
• longitudinal study-
•
• double-blind experiment-
•
• naturalistic observation-
•
• case study-

16. What is the purpose of a correlational
study?

17. What are the pros and cons of
naturalistic observation?
Pros Cons

18. What are the requirements of an
experiment?

19. • 12. I’m conducting an experiment on cell phones
effect on attention. I break a group into a
control and experimental group. At the end of a
lesson I give a test to see how well the two
groups know the lesson’s material.
• What is the independent variable? (dif. b/t two
groups)
• What is the dependent variable? (what will be
measured)
• What is the operational definition for the DV?

20. 13. What can an experiment prove
that no other research method can
do?
• Cause and Effect relationships!
• Correlations prove a relationship
exists but not that one thing causes
the other. (Ex: Violence and Video
Games)

21. 14. What is the difference between
reliability and validity?
• Reliability- Repeat with the same results
• Example: You find that people with drug A
have higher test scores in EVERY trial!
• Example: You find that people with drug B are
more distracted and have lower scores EVERY
trial.
• Validity: The test measures what it should
measure. Does the memory test measure
memory or attention?!

22. What ethical guidelines exist regarding
psychological research?
• Informed Consent
• Do No Harm
• Right to Withdraw
• Confidentiality
• Debrief
• Correct Undesirable Consequences

23. Explain culture:
• A culture is a way of life of a group of people--
the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols
that they accept, generally without thinking
about them, and that are passed along by
communication and imitation from one
generation to the next.

24. What is the difference between
individualist and collectivist cultures?
• Individualist cultures- such as those of the
United States and Western Europe, emphasize
personal achievement regardless of the
expense of group goals, resulting in a strong
sense of competition.
• Collectivist cultures- such as those of China,
Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work
group goals above individual needs or desires.

25. What are norms?
• Norms are expectations for behavior
based on your culture

26. What are gender roles?
• Expectations based on your gender!

27. 20. Explain divergent and convergent
thinking types:
• Divergent- Lines of a problem diverge
into multiple solutions (Creative)
• Convergent- All the lines of a problem
converge to one solution (not creative,
more likely to suffer from functional
fixedness)

28. 21. Explain the following problem-
solving techniques.
• Algorithms
• Heuristics
• Trial and Error

29. 21. Explain the following problem-
solving techniques.
• Algorithms
Step by step instructions (recipe, equation, etc.)
• Heuristics
Mental shortcuts, “rule of thumb”, or guess based
on experience (making a guess instead of looking
up recipe)
• Trial and Error
Try and try again until it works!

30. Define intelligence:
• Ability to acquire knowledge and learn from
experience

31. 23. What is the Stanford-Binet
Intelligence test? How did it begin to
be used?
• Terman’s modification of the Binet
Intelligence test used to get an IQ score.
• Was used for immigration and discrimination
but now used in education

32. 24. How is IQ determined?
• MA/CAx100=IQ

33. 25. What are the most common
causes of developmental delay?
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Down Syndrome
• Environmental Deprivation

34. 26. What is social psychology?
• The study of how the presence of
others influences your behavior.

35. 27. What are the characteristics of
groupthink? Think of at least one
example.
• Deindividuation
• Lack of Introspection
• Rationalization
• Harmony/Lack of Disagreement

36. 32c. Bystander Effect
• You are LESS likely to get help with MORE
people around

37. 34. Universal Emotions
• Happiness
• Sadness
• Anger
• Fear
• Disgust
• Surprise
• Contempt

38. 35. What are display rules and how are
they influenced by culture?
• Display rules are a social group's informal
norms about when, where, and how one
should express emotions. They can be
described as culturally prescribed rules that
people learn early on in their lives by
interactions and socializations with other
people.
• Ex: sadness shown by males and females

39. 36.
Describe the following theories of emotion.
• James-Lange:
StimulusArousalEmotion
Scary dogArousal SymptomsFear
• Cannon-Bard:
StimulusBrainBOTH arousal and emotion
• S&S’s Two-Factor (Angry/Happy Man):
Stimulusarousalcognitive appraisallabel
the emotion!

40. 37. What is motivation?
• The desire to begin and
continue behaviors

41. 38. Describe each level of Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs:

42. 39. What are characteristics of
individuals with a higher need for
achievement?
• Individuals with high Nach usually
have high levels of intrinsic
motivation and approach more
challenging tasks

43. 40. Describe the difference between
anorexia and bulimia:
• Anorexia: Underweight, pre-occupied with
weight and has belief they are underweight.
Avoids eating or excessively exercises to lose
weight.
• Bulimia: Binge and purge. Usually in normal
weight range

44. 41. What is the difference between
sensation and perception?
• S- Activation of sensory
receptors (example skin
receptors)
• P- Organizing and interpreting
sensory information

45. • 42. Describe each of the following sensory systems:
• Olfaction
•
• Gustation
•
• Vision
•
• Audition
•
• Somesthestic senses

46. 43. What is the process of vision?
(From light entering the eye to seeing)
• C- Cornea- protective outer surface
• I- Iris- colored muscle that contracts to change
size of pupil
• P- Pupil- allows light to enter eye
• L- Lens- changes shape to focus of close or far
objects
• R- Retina- back wall of eye contains rods and
cones
• F- Fovea- focus point on retina (most cones)
• O- Optic Nerve- sends messages to brain

47. 44. How does the eye see in light and
darkness?
•Light- cones
•Dark- Rods

48. 45. Five Basic Tastes:

49. 46. What is Gestalt psychology?
• “The whole is greater than the sum its parts”

50. 47.
47. What are the Gestalt principles of
perception?

51. 48. Difference between monocular
and binocular cues?
• Monocular- PICTORAL DEPTH CUES-
ways you see depth in flat surfaces!
• Examples: interposition, texture
gradient, linear perspective, etc.
• Binocular- BOTH eyes- retinal
disparity and convergence allow us
to perceive depth

52. 49. What is an illusion?
• Something that distorts our ability to
perceive!

53. 50. What is consciousness?
•the state of being awake
and aware of one's
surroundings.

54. 51. What is circadian rhythm?
• Biological sleep/wake cycle!
Hypothalamus secretes melatonin
when it is dark ot make us drowsy!
• Causes jet lag because our “cycle”
gets thrown off

55. 52. What happens in each stage of
sleep?
• 1- light sleep, sleep onset (Alpha waves)
• 2- light sleep, with sleep spindles (Theta
waves)
• 3/4- Deep sleep! Little movement in muscles
or eyes, restoring the body! (Deep sleep=
delta waves!)
• REM- Rapid eye movement, dreaming, and
memory consolidation (Beta waves like when
awake!)

56. 53. Explain the following sleep
disorders.
• Narcolepsy-
• always sleepy, falling directly into REM
• Insomnia-
• inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
• Somnambulisms-
• Sleep walking, common in children

57. 54. What are the symptoms of sleep
deprivation?
• Irritability, inability to
concentrate, acne, memory
problems, weight loss or gain,
etc.

58. 55. Explain the following categories of
drugs briefly with an example.
• Stimulants- speed up CNS. Example: Nicotine
• Depressants- slows down CNS. Example:
Alcohol
• Narcotics- Mimics endorphins, pain relieving
Example: Morphine, heroin, opium
• Hallucinogenics- Distort perception
Example: marijuana, LSD