This document discusses different types of sentences and clauses in English grammar. It defines four types of sentences: simple sentences with one independent clause, compound sentences with two independent clauses joined with a coordinator, complex sentences with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, and compound-complex sentences with two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. It then explains three types of dependent clauses in more detail: noun clauses, relative/adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns, and adverbial clauses that function as adverbs of time, place, reason, purpose, concession, or condition.

1. Sentence Structure
Ade Sudirman, S.Pd

2. conju
1. Ecology is a science;
2. Because pollution causes cancer;
3. To protect the environment;
4. After working all day;
5. Before studying hard;
6. If I declare my major now;
7. Students normally spend four years in
college;
8. That an exciting experience in my life.
A clause is a group of words that contains (at least)
a subject and a verb.

3. conju
1. I will declare my major
now, but I may change
it later.
2. Many international
students experience
culture shock when
they come to the
United States.
3. Students normally
spend four years in
college.
Independent clauses
1. If I declare my major
now. .
2. When they come to the
United States . .
3. Although students
normally spend fours
years in college. . .
Dependent clauses

4. conju
1. Simple Sentence;
It has one independent clause: English grammar is easy.
2. Compound sentence;
It has two independent clauses joined by
coordinator, conjunctive adverb, and semicolon: Grammar is
easy, so I learned it quickly.
3. Complex sentence;
It has one independent and one or more dependent clauses:
Because grammar is easy, I learned it quickly.
4. Compound-complex sentence;
It has two independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses: Because grammar is easy, I learned it quickly, but it took
me several years to master writing.
The Kinds of Sentences

5. 1. Simple sentences
• Subject + Verb:
The rice is burning.
• Subject + verb + complement:
She is intelligent.
• Subject + verb + direct object:
I have read this book.
• Subject + verb + indirect object + direct
object:
My friend wrote me a letter.
• Subject + verb + object + complement:
They made him very famous.

6. conju
We can link simple sentences to form compound sentences of
two or more clauses.
• With a co-ordinating conjunction, sometimes preceded by a
comma. FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) :
He loves her but she doesn’t love him.
• With a semi-colon or colon:
I met David yesterday; he has just come out of hospital.
I met David yesterday: he has just come out of hospital.
• With a semi-colon or a colon followed by a connecting
adverb (however, nevertheless, meanwhile, after all, finally )
He performed very well in the interview; however, he did
not get the job.
He performed very well in the interview: however, he did
not get the job.
2. Compound sentences

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Complex sentences have a main clause and one or more
subordinate clauses or phrases. We can link the clauses as
follows:
• With relative clauses
Many people who are out of work become depressed.
• With noun clause:
I have always known that he hated me.
I know what you want.
• With adverbial clauses:
Did you see him when he came in?
• With infinitive or participial constractions:
To do the job properly, you will need to get some tools.
She ran out of the house calling for help.
3. Complex sentences

8. conju
Compound-Complex sentences have two independent clauses
and one or more dependent clauses.
• I wanted to travel after I graduated from college; however, I
had to go to work immediately.
• After I graduated from college, I wanted to travel, but I had
to go to work immediately.
• I wanted to travel after I graduated from college, but I had to
go to work immediately because I had to support my family.
• I couldn’t decide where I should work or what I should do, so
I did nothing.
4. Compound - Complex sentences

9. DependentClauses
a.Noun clause
b. Adjective clause
c. Adverbial clause

10. a. Noun Clauses
Noun Clause is sometimes called a that-clause.
However, noun clauses do not always use that.
1. Noun clause as object:
1. Do you think that she’ll come?
2. Noun clause as subject:
1. That you don’t love him is obvious.
3. Noun clause after certain adjectives:
1. Are you sure (that) he said that?
4. Noun clause after a large number of abstract nouns:
1. I don’t like the suggestion that we do this job together.
5. Noun clause with question words:
1. I will never understand why he did that to me.
6. Noun clause with if/whether:
1. I don’t know whether he’s coming tonight.

11. b. Relatives clause/adjective clause is a clause
that has function as adjective. It uses relative pronoun.
Relative clause may come in the middle or at the end of a
sentence. It follow the word that it defines.
Relative
Pronoun
Person Thing
Subject Who Which
Object Whom Which
Possessive Whose Whose

12. a. Subject relative pronoun:
• The man is Rudi.
• The man is standing beside the red car.
The man who is standing beside the red car is Rudi.
• He is the singer. He sings my favorite song .
He is the singer who sings my favorite song.
• The book is expensive. I read the book everyday.
The book which I read everyday is expensive.
• The cat stole the meat. The cat is sleeping now.
The cat which stole the meat is sleeping now.

13. b. Object relative pronoun:
• They are the artists. The girl adores them.
The are the artists whom the girl adores.
• Sari is a girl. Adi loves her so much.
Sari is a girl whom Ado loves so much.
• You borrowed a book.
• I bought it at Menes market
You borrowed a book which I bought at Menes market.
c. Relative pronoun: object of a preposition:
• This is a beach. I was telling about it.
This a beach which I was telling about.
d. Possessive relative pronoun:
• The old man looks very sad. His wife is in the
hospital.
The old man whose wife is in the hospital looks very sad.

14. C. Adverbial Clauses
A clause that has function as adverb.
1. Adv clause of time:
 Dody had lived in Jakarta before he moved.
2. Adv clause of place:
 She goes where she likes.
3. Adv clause of reason:
 Since she was ill, she didn’t attend the class.
4. Adv clause of purpose:
 Shaneel spoke loudly so that everyone hears
what she said.
5. Adv clause of concession:
 I will go even if it’s raining.
6. Adv clause of condition:
 You are not allowed unless you persuade your
mother.

15. The end
Thank you