Verb phrase

E_English Grammar Course
Unit 5
Lecture 5. Verb & its complements

1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb
3. Intensive complementation
4. Monotransitive complementation
5. Ditransitive complementation
6. Complextransitive complementation
Issues
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Classifications of English verbs1
Verb
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according to
classified
Possibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Functions of items
Complementation
Structure
= words or phrases
indicating an action,
an event, or a state
E.g.: kiss, break out, have

Verbs
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according to
classified Functions of items
Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Verbs
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according to
Regular
Irregular
E.g.: book, booked, booked
E.g.: teach, taught, taught

Verbs
1/1
according to
Primary
Modal
Marginal
modal auxiliary

Verbs
1/1
according to
Primary
Modal
Marginal
modal auxiliary
• include: do, have, be
• change meaning when becoming a
full verb
E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading.

Verbs
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according to
Primary
Modal
Marginal
modal auxiliary
• include:
Can – could
May – Might
Shall-should
Will-would
Must
Ought to

Verbs
1/1
according to
Primary
Modal
Marginal
modal auxiliary
• include: used to, dare, need

Verbs
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according to
classified Complementation
Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Verbs
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according to
Intensive verbs
Current copular
Resulting copular
E.g.: be, appear, feel, look,
remain, seem
E.g.: become, get, go,
grow, turn, make
• connect S & C
• have the pattern:
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: I feel tired.
He’s in the cab.
Extensive verbs

Verbs
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according to
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs

Verbs
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according to
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
• require no Object
• have the pattern: SV
• make complete sense
themselves
E.g.: He’s singing.
The baby cried.

Verbs
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according to
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive

Verbs
1/1
according to
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive
• require one direct Object (Od)
• have the pattern: SVOd
E.g.: I kissed her.
He caught the ball.

Verbs
1/1
according to
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive• require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)
• have the pattern: SVOdOi
E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.

Verbs
1/1
according to
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive
• require Object and Object Complement
(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))
• have the pattern: SVOCo or SVOA(obli)
E.g.: He made me really crazy.
He sent his son to the kindergarten.

Verbs
1/1
according to
classified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Stative verbs Dynamic verbs

Verbs
1/1
according to
progressive aspect
Stative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbs
= verbs that show the
condition or status
and do not accept the
progressive aspect
E.g.: I am a boy.
It feels thin.

Verbs
1/1
according to
progressive aspect
Stative verbs
Relational verbs
• adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,
impress, know, like, etc.
E.g.: I like you
He said he hated cooking.

Verbs
1/1
according to
progressive aspect
Stative verbs
Relational verbs
• apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess,
sound, tend, etc.
E.g.: She resembles her mother.

Verbs
1/1
according to
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensation
Activity verbs
Transitional event verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
= verbs that show the action or the
change of status
E.g.: She learns English.
He hit me.
She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t
dynamic verb because it denotes a
permanent status)

Verbs
1/1
according to
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
• ache, hurt, itch, fell, etc.

Verbs
1/1
according to
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
• ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write etc.

Verbs
1/1
according to
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
• arrive, land, leave, lose, die etc.

Verbs
1/1
according to
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
• hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.

Verbs
1/1
according to
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
• change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc.

Verbs
1/1
according to
classified Structure
One-word verbs Multi-word verbs
Finite Non-finite+
infinitive
ing-participle
ed-participle

Verbs
1/1
according to
One-word verbs
• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE
WORD
E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.

Verbs
1/1
according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs

Verbs
1/1
according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
• make out, call up, put on, take off, give up, etc.

Verbs
1/1
according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs• look up, clear up, get at, etc.

Verbs
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according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
• come up with, make up for, stand in for, put up with, etc.

Verbs
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according to
One-word verbs Multi-word verbs
Finite Non-finite+
Criteria Finite Non-finite
Occurrence in independent clause √
Tense contrast √
Person and number concord √
Finite verb inclusion √
Mood distinction √
E.g.: I am/ He is
a student.
Being a
student, she’s
hardworking.

Grammatical categories of verbs2
Grammatical categories of verbs
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Tense Aspect Mood Voice
Present
Past
Indicative
Imperative
Subjunctive
Active
Passive
Progressive
Perfective
Perfective-
progressive
Simple

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Tense = the correspondence between the form of the verb and
our concept of time
• language specific
• while TIME: universal, non-linguistic
• includes PAST and PRESENT
• no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form
corresponding to future time.
E.g.: She is studying now.
(verb form: ing-participle + present time: now
 present time)

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Aspect • the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded
with respect to time
• progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress
• perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed
E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect)
I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect)
• Tense & aspect are intermingled.

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AspectTense &
Tense
Aspect
Simple Complex
Progressive Perfective Perfect progressive
Present Present
simple
Present
progressive
Present
perfect
Present perfect
progressive
Past Past
simple
Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect
progressive

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Mood = a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such
conditions such as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility
Indicative
Imperative
Subjunctive
= statement of the fact
= command, request
= non-fact, unreal
E.g.: She’s nice to me.
(fact - indicative)
Be nice to me.
(command - imperative)
I suggest she be nice to me.
(non-fact - subjunctive)

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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive
“were”

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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive
“were”
• Found in “-that clause” (verbs: recommend, demand,
request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that)
• Form: the base
• Aim: to be formal
E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his
chicken.
It is necessary that every student pay the tuition
fee.

1/1
Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive
“were”
• Found in clause in certain set expressions
• Form: the base
E.g.: May god bless you.
Long live the King.
God save the Queen.
Come what may, we’ll go ahead.

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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive
“were”
• Found in conditional & concessive clauses,
subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose
• Form: WERE
• Meaning: hypothetical/unreal
E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.

1/1
Voice = a grammatical category that makes it possible to view
the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without
change in the facts reported
• include: passive and active voice
E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active)
The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)

Intensive complementation3
1/1
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
C (complement) A (adverbial)

1/1
(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
Nominal phrase
Noun phrase

1/1
(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
Nominal phrase
Noun phrase
E.g.: She is so crazy.
That is ridiculous!

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(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
Nominal phrase
Noun phrase
E.g.: She isn’t a good student.
It appears the only solution.

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(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
Nominal clause
Noun phrase
finite clause
non-finite clause

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(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
Nominal clause
Noun phrase
finite clause
non-finite clause
• “that clause”
E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot.
• “wh-interrogative clause”
E.g.: The problem is not who will go.
• “nominal relative clause”
E.g.: Quality is what counts most.

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(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
Nominal phrase
Noun phrase
finite clause
• “bare-infinitive clause”
E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head.
• “to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)
E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S)
The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)
• “-ing clause”
E.g.: Seeing is believing.
non-finite clause

Mono-transitive complementation4
1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation
(SVO)
Noun phrase Non-finite clauseFinite clause

1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O) Prepositional O
With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbs

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With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: Tom caught the ball.
The ball was caught by Tom.

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With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: They passed over the question.
The question was passed over.

1/1
With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: She has a nice house.
A house is had by her.

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With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: The management paid for his
air fares.

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With passive
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: He looked down on them.

1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause Wh- clause

1/1
That- clause Wh- clause
Extraposed subject
that-clause
Extraposed object
that-clause
That- clause
as object
E.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.
Tom doubted whether they would come to the party.
I wondered who did make the bed for me.
Can you confirm which flight we are taking?
I realized what a fool I had been.
I know how busy you are.

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That- clause
That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs

1/1
That- clause
Subordinate verbs
Major
Minor
Factual
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis

1/1
That- clause
Subordinate verbs
Major
Minor
Factual
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
• introduce what one might generally describe
as factual or propositional information
E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was
misled.

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That- clause
Subordinate verbs
Major
Minor
Factual
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
• imply intentions to bring about some change
in the future, whether or not these are verbally
formulated as commands, suggestions, etc
E.g.: The are demanding that she leaves.

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That- clause
Subordinate verbs
Major
Minor
Factual
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
E.g.: I regret that she worry.

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That- clause
Subordinate verbs
Major
Minor
Factual
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
E.g.: I wish that he were here.

1/1
That- clause
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should”
Indicative verbs

1/1
That- clause
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
Indicative verbs
E.g.: I recommend that he be here.

1/1
That- clause
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
Indicative verbs
E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.

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That- clause
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
Indicative verbs
E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.

1/1
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Without subjectWith subject

1/1
Ing-participle clauseE.g.: I don’t like the house to be left empty.

1/1
E.g.: I dislike him driving my car.

1/1
Ing-participle clauseE.g.: Mary longed to leave home.

1/1
E.g.: Mary loves listening to music.

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E.g.: He learned how to sail a boat as a small child.
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
I could not decide (on) which bicycle to buy.

Di-transitive complementation5
1/1
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbs

1/1
Od & Oi = NP
E.g.: He gave the girl a doll.

1/1
Od & Oi = NP
E.g.: He persuaded me to give up smoking.

1/1
Od & Oi = NP
E.g.: He convinced me that he was right.

1/1
Od & Oi = NP
• verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions
 two passive forms of the sentence
• these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take
account of, give way to, etc.
E.g.: They make best use of the garage.
The garage is made best use of.
Best use is made of the garage.

1/1
Od & Oi = NP
• Od introduced by a preposition
• one passive form with Oi only
• these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to,
rob of, refer to, etc.
E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement.
I am reminded of the agreement.
• Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc.
E.g.: He explained it to me.
It was explained to me.
I was explained about it.

Complex-transitive complementation6
1/1
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause

1/1
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: He drives me crazy.

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Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.

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Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
• Adverbials are obligatory.
E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket.

1/1
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman.

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Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.

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Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.

1/1
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion.
ed-clause

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