Clause is important part in English Grammar. to combine, relate and report sentence it is very very vital.
Clause Establish relationship.and ensure conditions as desired. Useful for students , executives, teachers and presentations
Sentence Types by Function
Compiled and presented by Belachew W/Gebriel
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English language and Literature
What is a sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that makes sense.
A sentence expresses a complete thought.
A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with appropriate terminal punctuation mark.
A sentence has at least one subject and one verb.
There are four types of sentences by function/meaning.
Declarative Sentence – statement
Interrogative Sentence - Question
Imperative Sentence – Command and Request
Exclamatory Sentence
Declarative sentence
A declarative sentence makes a statement.
It is punctuated by a period.
Examples: The concert begins in two hours.
Green is my favorite color.
Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia.
I love my country.
Dr. Abegaz is the founder of Cardiac Center.
True love never fades with time.
Interrogative Sentence
An interrogative sentence asks a question.
It ends in a question Mark(?)
An indirect question ends with a period(.)
There are four different types of interrogative sentences: Wh-questions, yes or no questions, alternative questions, tag questions
Types of Interrogative Sentences
Wh-Questions
Imperative Sentence
An imperative sentence gives an order or makes a polite request. Imperatives can also express good wish.
It ends with a period or exclamation mark (./!)
Example
Please lower your voice.
Meet me at the town square.
Would you close the door please?
Eat your lunch.
Have a good time at the picnic.
May you live long!
Exclamatory Sentence
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feelings, great emotion or excitement.
It ends with exclamation mark.
Examples: Wow! That is great news!
The river is rising!
The house is on fire!
Oh, what a great job!
What an interesting story!
Practice Questions
Identify the sentence types.
What Kind of candy do you like?
Wow, you did great!
I love to watch old movies.
Go and bring me some paper.
Practice with key
What Kind of candy do you like?(Interrogative)
Wow, you did great! (Exclamatory)
I love to watch old movies. (Declarative)
Go and bring me some Paper. (Imperative)
Exercise
1) What a silly man!
2) You look so beautiful!
3) Two of my students were absent today.
4) Our math teacher is tall.
5) Watch carefully for pirate ships on the horizon.
6) The trains leaves tomorrow at noon.
7) Have you brushed your teeth today?
8) Stop talking so loudly!
Exercise
9. Shut the door please.
10. The train left an hour ago.
11. How old is your daughter?
12. Do not open the presents until the morning!
A Proper Understanding of the Punctuation Marks enables Impressive Writing. English Grammar considers these marks as the most significant for Correct Writing. Remember, a Punctuation Mark can
Sentence Types by Function
Compiled and presented by Belachew W/Gebriel
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English language and Literature
What is a sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that makes sense.
A sentence expresses a complete thought.
A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with appropriate terminal punctuation mark.
A sentence has at least one subject and one verb.
There are four types of sentences by function/meaning.
Declarative Sentence – statement
Interrogative Sentence - Question
Imperative Sentence – Command and Request
Exclamatory Sentence
Declarative sentence
A declarative sentence makes a statement.
It is punctuated by a period.
Examples: The concert begins in two hours.
Green is my favorite color.
Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia.
I love my country.
Dr. Abegaz is the founder of Cardiac Center.
True love never fades with time.
Interrogative Sentence
An interrogative sentence asks a question.
It ends in a question Mark(?)
An indirect question ends with a period(.)
There are four different types of interrogative sentences: Wh-questions, yes or no questions, alternative questions, tag questions
Types of Interrogative Sentences
Wh-Questions
Imperative Sentence
An imperative sentence gives an order or makes a polite request. Imperatives can also express good wish.
It ends with a period or exclamation mark (./!)
Example
Please lower your voice.
Meet me at the town square.
Would you close the door please?
Eat your lunch.
Have a good time at the picnic.
May you live long!
Exclamatory Sentence
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feelings, great emotion or excitement.
It ends with exclamation mark.
Examples: Wow! That is great news!
The river is rising!
The house is on fire!
Oh, what a great job!
What an interesting story!
Practice Questions
Identify the sentence types.
What Kind of candy do you like?
Wow, you did great!
I love to watch old movies.
Go and bring me some paper.
Practice with key
What Kind of candy do you like?(Interrogative)
Wow, you did great! (Exclamatory)
I love to watch old movies. (Declarative)
Go and bring me some Paper. (Imperative)
Exercise
1) What a silly man!
2) You look so beautiful!
3) Two of my students were absent today.
4) Our math teacher is tall.
5) Watch carefully for pirate ships on the horizon.
6) The trains leaves tomorrow at noon.
7) Have you brushed your teeth today?
8) Stop talking so loudly!
Exercise
9. Shut the door please.
10. The train left an hour ago.
11. How old is your daughter?
12. Do not open the presents until the morning!
A Proper Understanding of the Punctuation Marks enables Impressive Writing. English Grammar considers these marks as the most significant for Correct Writing. Remember, a Punctuation Mark can
Connectives worksheet
Coordinating conjunctions - exercises
But / and / so / because / or
Because / so - pdf exercises
Conjunctions test - worksheet
Conjunctions - handout
Conjunctions - handouts
Coordinating conjunctions
Connectives and linking words
Connectives and linking phrases
Connectives and linking phrases
Even - pdf exercises
Connectives and linking phrases
Conjunctions - worksheets
Worksheets pdf - print
Grammar worksheets - handouts
Grammar lessons / rules
Conjunctions - English grammar
Linking words - complete list
Grammar Proficiency - Phrases and Clausessession 3.pptxNafisaHaque7
Grammar Proficiency can be acquired by knowing the nuances of Grammar'.From the rule of substitute reduce split to knowing the parts of speech is crucial.
The key lies in the function .How is it used is important.Thata decides whether a word would be a verb or a verbal.
Punctuation marks play magic in English #communication. In English #grammar need to use punctuation at right place and right #punctuation to have a clear, #impact-full and correct message. This presentation will help #students, #academicians, #professionals, and #Executives, #brandmanagers for correct communication
Understanding auxiliary and modal verbsGopal Panda
Auxiliary and #Modalverbs are very important in English #communication. to make powerful and accurate English sentence Auxiliaries play vital role. This presentation is brief about #Auxiliary and Modal #verbs. This is of a good us to English learners, #students and #speakers
This presentation is for #students to improve and have accurate #English #grammar and powerful #communication. This is a brief about how to form #Tag-Question.
#Pronouns is a part of a speech , need to be used suitably. for accurate and powerful English #communication, this presentation is designed. This is easy to learn and understand for #students , #brand-communicators and #executives
This presentation is a brief understanding of #English #grammar #nouns for #students of all grade. for good and accurate English #communication for #brandmanagers, and #executives
Adverbs in English communication is the key to make a correct, accurate, and meaningful #communication. This will help the #students #brandmanagers #corporate #executives #presenter to have a more meaningful communication
Understanding Adjectives- the ornament of English languageGopal Panda
Easy to understand and learn English grammar. this presentation is a brief understanding of Adjectives for all age group, students, learners, executives, speakers, presenters, teachers.
Easy to understand and learn English grammar. this presentation is a brief understanding of sentence for all age group, students, learners, executives, speakers, presenters, teachers.
Understanding Sentence - English GrammarGopal Panda
Easy to understand and learn English grammar. this presentation is a brief understanding of sentence for all age group, students, learners, executives, speakers, presenters, teachers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
1. ENGLISH GRAMMAR
EASY TO UNDERSTAND; EASY TO LEARN
Class I to XII
By Gopal Krushna Panda
“Clause”
2. Clause
• A clause is a group of words that includes a subject
and a verb.
• A clause forms a sentence or part of a sentence.
• A clause functions as an adjective, an adverb, or a
noun.
What is a Clause?
4. Clause Types
Simple sentences consist of one clause, in which the verb is finite.
•Ann went to the bank.
•She withdrew £100.
Two or more clauses can be joined to make a
compound sentence or a complex sentence.
Complex sentences are those that contain a
subordinate clause as well as a main clause.
•When he arrives, I’ll phone you.
•He stayed at home because he felt ill.
5. Clause Types
A subordinate clause is one that contains special information
about the main clause. It will usually be introduced by a linking
word such as when, if, because, or that.
• The linking words are called subordinating conjunctions.
• Most subordinate clauses can come before, after, or within
the main clause.
6. Clause Types
• Usually, when one clause is of principal importance and the other
clause gives information about the principal one, we have a
complex sentence with one main clause and one subordinate
clause.
• The position that a subordinate clause is placed in is determined
largely by what is felt to be the main message of a sentence.
•Since you seem to have made up your mind, I’ll say no more.
•I stopped seeing her because she moved to Liverpool.
7. Clause Types
A compound sentence is one that consists of two main clauses,
joined by a word such as and, but, or or, called a coordinating
conjunction.
Each clause is of equal importance and gives information of equal
value. The order of the clauses can be very important for the
meaning. For example, the timing of an action can be described by
the order in which the clauses follow each other.
• He picked it up and ran over to her.
• He ran over to her and picked it up.
• I drove to Coatbridge and went on to Stirling.
These have more than one main clause and at least one
subordinate clause.
• Angie came over and we decided to use my car because hers was
playing up.
• He ran over to Julie, who was sitting at the end of the
bench, and grabbed her handbag.
Compound-complex sentences
8. Joining clauses coordination
The process called coordination joins two short clauses of equal
importance with a conjunction. Each clause becomes a main clause
in the new sentence.
• Ann went to the bank and withdrew £100.
• Sally goes to work but Ann doesn’t have a job.
• Ann (either) stays at home or visits her family.
The clauses are linked by words called coordinating conjunctions,
such as and, but, (either) or, neither, nor, or yet. Conjunctions come
at the beginning of a clause. If the subject of both clauses is the
same, it does not have to be repeated in front of the second verb.
• She came over and she gave me a hug.
• The conjunction and is used:to join clauses where there is no contrast
or choice.
9. Joining clauses coordination
To join more than two clauses; the earlier clauses can be joined by a
comma, but the last two must be joined by and.
• Ann got into the car, drove to the bank, withdrew £100, and went
shopping.
The conjunction but is used to join clauses where there is a contrast.
• She wanted to buy a new dress but she couldn’t find one she liked.
The conjunction yet is used, mainly in written English, to join clauses
where there is a contrast that is of a surprising nature.
• He’s a quietly spoken man, yet he still manages to command
attention.
• She was suffering from a knee injury yet she still won the match.
10. Joining clauses coordination
The conjunctions and, but, or, neither, and nor are also used to join two
phrases of the same kind,
•This book is useful for planning and carrying out research.
•The former President and his wife were there.
or two words of the same class.
• I use this chair when I am reading and working.
• Do you undertake detailed or intricate work?
• Jack and Jill fell down the hill.
• This is a complicated but intriguing film.
In particular, and and but are used to coordinate pairs of adjectives in a
predicative position. When there is a positive choice between the
subjects of two clauses, you use the pair of words either and or to join the
clauses.
Either you come to my place or I’ll meet you at work. Which do you prefer?
11. Joining clauses coordination
If the subject of the joined clauses is the same, the subject is used in
the first of the joined clauses only. This is often also true of any
auxiliary verbs that may be present.
• Martin said he would either meet them for lunch or take them to tea
When it is used in this way either must come in one of these places:
before the subject in the first clause of the group.
in front of the main verb and after any auxiliary verb.
You can use either…or to join more than two clauses. Or is
mandatory at the beginning of the final clause, and optional at the
beginning of the previous clause.
• Colin said he would (either) meet them for lunch, (or) take them to
tea, or have them over for a coffee.
• Ian can (either) come with us or take a taxi later.
12. Joining clauses coordination
The use of either…or emphasizes that the two clauses are
alternatives and cannot both be true. Compare and/or.
• Colin said he would meet them for lunch, and/or have them over for a
coffee.
The word either can be left out if the sentence meaning is clear.
Some writers treat all but the final or as optional.
You can use or on its own to join two or more clauses,
but either cannot be used on its own.
When there is a negative choice between the subjects of two
clauses, you can use the pair of words neither and nor to join the
clauses.
• It is neither possible nor desirable that they should be invited.
• Jane was not a fool; neither/nor was she prepared to be blamed for
the error.
13. Joining clauses coordination
•The word neither can be used on its own to connect two clauses if
the first clause contains a word with broad negative meaning such
as not, barely or scarcely. If there is a subject in the second clause,
question order must be used.
•There was barely enough meat for the children; neither did they have any bread.
•Eric hardly saw the fight; nor did he remember much about the incident later.
•The words either and neither can also be used as a pronoun or as a
determiner. Each can then be used on its own; it does not then have
a joining function.
•Either book will do. It doesn’t matter.
•Neither book is at all suitable, I’m sorry.
•Either, or, neither, and nor can be used as conjunctions inside a
noun phrase or a verb phrase.
•You can choose to study either Shakespeare or Keats.
•Neither Vimala nor Katie knew the answer.
14. Joining clauses Subordination
When two or more clauses are joined by a conjunction other than and, but,
or, or yet, one of the clauses is the main clause; the other clauses
are subordinate clauses. The different types of subordinate clause include
noun clauses,
• What matters most is that you treat everyone fairly.
•adverbial clauses,
•They went outside as soon as the rain stopped.
•relative clauses,
•This is the problem that we’re facing at the moment.
•We stayed in Inverness, which is in the Scottish Highlands.
•conditional clauses,
•Maureen plans to live in Australia if she can get a job there.
•reported clauses.
•She told me that Philip was in France.
15. Joining clauses Subordination
•Each of the subordinate clauses is associated with an introductory word
that signals what type of clause it is that follows.
•After she had read the diary, she returned it to the drawer.
•As they were going downstairs, the phone rang.
•They aren’t coming because they’ve had an argument.
•These words are called subordinating conjunctions. They include:
the WH- words. words like since, if, when, because, the word that, either
on its own or used with another word e.g. so that or supposing that a
phrase ending in as, e.g. as soon as, as long as
•Each of the subordinating clauses has a preferred position. e.g. most
adverbial clauses usually follow the main clause, although they can also
come before the main clause.
•Shall I do the shopping when I finish work?
•When I finish work, I could do the shopping for you.
16. Joining clauses Subordination
Noun clauses
•These are clauses that can be used as either the subject or the
object of a sentence or in other places where a noun phrase is usually
found. They are introduced by that
•What I like about him is that he always tries his best.
•or by a WH- word, e.g. who, when, where
•.I don’t know where you live.
•How the thief got in is a mystery.
•Why she acts like this is beyond me.
Word order after a WH- word is the same as in a statement.
•The subordinating conjunction that can often be omitted.
•I think that he’ll succeed.
•I think he’ll succeed.
17. Joining clauses Adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses generally follow the main clause unless otherwise
stated. The following are the main types of adverbial clause:
Time: sets the timing for the main clause.
• We should go as soon as you are ready.
• I’ll call for you whenever you like.
may come before or after the main clause.
•introduced by after, as, as soon as, before, once, since, till, the
moment (that), until, whenever, when, while.
Place: sets where the action of the main clause takes place.
• I put it where nobody would find it.
• He made an impact everywhere that he went.
introduced by where, wherever, or everywhere.
Manner: sets out how the main clause was carried out. introduced
by as, as if, as though, how, just as, or the way that.
• Mandy looked as if she had seen a ghost.
• Cameron wandered in, the way that he does..
18. Joining clauses Adverbial clauses
Reason: sets out the thinking behind the action of the main clause.
• I don’t want to go because I’m not keen on old movies.
• Since no one was ready, I sat down and turned on the TV.
•may come before or after the main clause.
•introduced by as, because, or since.
Purpose: sets out what it was hoped would be achieved by carrying
out the action of the main clause.
• Put it just there so that it holds the door open.
• Leave a bit for Becky in case she’s hungry when she gets in.
•introduced by so that, in order that, in case, or lest.
•Purpose can also be indicated by so as to, in order to followed by
the base form of a verb.
•I’m living with my mum and dad so as to save money.
•He put the chair against the door in order to hold it open.
19. Joining clauses Adverbial clauses
Result: sets out what happened when the main clause was carried out.
• Ben was so angry that he kicked the wall hard.
• Nina is such a generous person that she’s often short of money.
•introduced by so + adj/adv + that or by such a + noun phrase + that.
Contrast: suggests that something else may need to be taken into
account regarding the main clause.
• However much you may want to spend your money, try to save a little
each month.
• Although it had rained, the ground was still very dry.
•may come before or after the main clause.
introduced by although, even though, even if, however, much
as, or while.
20. Joining clauses Relative clauses
Relative clauses tell us more about nouns. They function rather
like adjectives, and are found as postmodifiers in a noun
phrase. The noun that is modified is called the antecedent.
Relative clauses normally begin with who, whom, whose, or that.
These words are called relative pronouns. Note that some of
them also function as interrogative pronouns..
A relative pronoun can be the subject
• The people who live upstairs are having a party.
• The dog that bit me had to be put down.
•or object
• I don’t like the music that they are playing.
• A man whom I met on holiday phoned last might.
21. Joining clauses Relative clauses
of the verb in the relative clause. If it is the object, it can be left
out in ordinary informal speech and writing.
• I don’t like the music they are playing.
• A man I met on holiday phoned last night.
•Subject and object relative pronouns come at the beginning of
the relative clause.
• A relative pronoun can also be the object of a preposition.
• It was definitely Diana to whom she was referring.
• It’s a great game at which anyone can excel.
•In informal English a relative clause can end in a preposition,
especially if the relative pronoun is omitted.
• It was definitely Diana (that) she was referring to.
• It’s great game (which) anyone can excel at.
22. Joining clauses Relative clauses
Some relative clauses act rather like an adjective by providing more
information about a particular noun.
• The people who live upstairs are having a party.
• I don’t like the music that they’re playing.
•These are called defining relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses.
A defining relative clause is never separated from the noun by a comma.
The other type of relative clause adds extra information to the whole of the
main clause. These are non-defining relative clauses This type of
clause is separated from the main clause by commas.
• The man next door, who works from home, kept an eye on the house for
us.
• Thomas went home early, which was a relief to us all.
•Compare:
• Defining.
•My brother who lives in Canada is a lawyer.
•(There are several brothers. The Canadian one is a lawyer.)
•Non-defining.
•My brother, who lives in Canada, is a lawyer.
•(There is only one brother. He is a lawyer. He happens to live in Canada.)
Defining and non-defining
23. Joining clauses Conditional clauses 3 Types
Conditional sentences consist of a main clause and a conditional
clause (sometimes called an if-clause). The conditional clause usually
begins with if or unless. The conditional clause can come before or
after the main clause.
• We’ll be late if we don’t leave now.
• We’ll be late unless we leave now.
Type 1
The main clause uses will, can, may, or might + the base form of a
main verb. The if-clause uses the present simple tense.
• If you take the first bus, you’ll get there on time.
• She’ll be cold if she doesn’t wear a coat.
• If you need more helpers, I can try and get some time off work.
Type 1 sentences refer to the future. They suggest that the action in
the main clause is quite likely to happen.
• They will not finish their homework unless they start now.
• If you book early, you will get a seat.
•The use of the modal verb may or might in the main clause suggests
that there is some doubt whether the main verb action will be
achieved.
• If you book early, you may get a seat.
• Mary might deliver your parcel, if you ask her.
24. Joining clauses Conditional clauses 3 Types
Type 2
The main clause uses would, could, or might + the base form of a
main verb. The if-clause uses the past simple tenseIf
• Jim lent us his car, we could go to the party.
• We would save £3.50 a day if we didn’t eat any lunch.
• If burglars broke into my house, they wouldn’t find any money.
• Would you be very angry if I failed my exam?
•or the past subjunctive.
•If I were you, I’d phone her straight away.
Type 2 sentences refer to an imaginary situation. They imply that the
action in the if-clause will probably not happen
• If I won the lottery, I would buy a house in France.
(…but I don’t think I’ll win the lottery.)
• If you didn’t spend all your money on lottery tickets, you could afford a
holiday.
(…but you do spend all your money on lottery tickets.)
•The past subjunctive is often used when giving advice to someone,
especially about what the person should do.
•If I were you, I’d tell them the truth.
25. Joining clauses Conditional clauses 3 Types
Type 3
The main clause uses would, could, or might + have + the past
participle of a main verb. The if-clause uses the past perfect tense.
• We could have had a longer holiday, if we hadn’t spent so much money on
the house.
• If I had known about the exam, I would have paid more attention in class.
In Type 3 sentences the speaker is looking back from the present to a
past time and event. The speaker is talking about what might have
happened but did not, either because the wrong thing was done or
because nothing was done.
This type of sentence is used when making excuses, showing regret,
blaming, or giving an explanation. Conditional clauses can also be
used to talk about consequences, or to give an opinion about a
situation in the following ways:
The if-clause uses the present simple tense and the main clause
uses the present simple tense. This is used to refer to universal
truths.
• If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
• Plants die if they don’t get enough water.
26. Joining clauses Conditional clauses 3 Types
Type 3
The if-clause uses the present simple tense and the main clause is in
the imperative. This is used to give advice or orders for particular
situations or sets of circumstances.
• If the alarm goes off, make your way outside to the car park.
• If a red light shows here, switch off the machine.
•The if-clause uses the present continuous or present simple tense
and the main clause uses a modal verb. This is used to make
suggestions and give advice.
• If you’re thinking of buying a lawnmower, you could try mine first.
• You should turn down his radio if you don’t want the neighbours
•to complain.
•The if-clause uses will/would and the main clause uses a modal verb.
•This is used to make a request or to give a polite order.
• If you’ll wait a minute, the doctor can see you.
• If you would sign here, please, I’ll be able to send you the books.
•Note that a ’d in the main clause is the contracted form of would.
However, a ’d in an if-clause is the contracted form of had.
• I’d have gone if he’d invited me.
• I would have gone if he had invited me.
• I would’ve gone if he’d invited me.