This presentation discusses the different parts of sentences including the subject, predicate, phrases, and clauses. It defines each part and provides examples. It also describes the four main types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and complex-compound sentences. Finally, it outlines the four categories of sentences based on use: declarative, imperative, exclamatory, and interrogative sentences.

1. Presentation
Subject Academic reading and writing
Course Code ENG-104
Section BS-II(B)
Presented to:
Mam Ambreen Ijaz

2. Presenters:
Muqadas Fatima (19011502-053)
Rabia Irfan (19011502-054)
Shaista Munawar (19011502-067)
Pakeeza Shahzadi(19011502-063)

3. Topic of Presentation
Sentence Structure

4. Sentence
A sentence is defined as a:
A sentence is a set of words which is complete in itself, and it
contains subject and predicate.
Use of Sentence:
A sentence is use to convey
• Statement
• Request
• Question
• Exclamation
• Command

5. Parts of Sentence
A sentence has two parts:
1. Subject
2. Predicate
Subject:
A subject in the sentence is the part of sentence is what the
sentence is about or whom the sentence is about.
For Example:
The cat is sleeping on the chair.
In this sentence, the cat is the subject of the sentence

6. Parts of Sentence
Predicate:
A predicate in a sentence is a part of the sentence which tells
something about the subject of the sentence.
For Example:
Mary is playing.
In this sentence, the predicate is “is playing” because it is giving
us information about Mary.
More precisely, Subject of the sentence is the part which
performs action and Predicate is the part which contains an
action.

7. Parts of Sentence
After subject and predicate there are two more parts of sentence.
1. Phrase
2. Clause
Phrase:
• A phrase is a group of words that express an idea and use as
unit within a sentence.
• A phrase does not have a subject and verb.
• A phrase does not convey a complete thought.
• It needs clause to convey the complete meaning.

8. Parts of sentence
Examples of phrase:
 After the meal
 In the air
 Were watching for the movie
 Beside the bed etc.
There are many different types of phrases and here are few
important ones.
Types of phrases:
There are five types of most used phrases in the sentences.

9. Types of Phrase
1. Noun Phrase:
A noun phrase could be a single noun or group of words built
around a noun.
Example:
• Animals needs water.
• Who ate the last sandwich?
2. Verb Phrase:
A verb phrase contains main verb and auxiliary verbs.
Example:
• We have been working since 9pm.
• I will be going to Belgium next month.

10. Types of Phrase
3. Adjective Phrase:
An adjective phrase can be a single adjective or a group of
words built around the adjectives.
Examples:
• He has dumb ideas.
• It is a very big feast.
4. Adverb Phrase:
An adverb phrase can be a single adverb or a group of words
built around adverbs.
Examples:
• Please do it nicely.

11. Types of Phrase
• He spoke very harshly.
5. Prepositional phrase:
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition usually followed
by noun phrase.
Example:
• They were arguing about vacations.
• The window is behind a large sofa.

12. Clause
A clause is defined as:
• Part of sentence that contains verb
• Convey the complete meaning
• Sometime it is itself a complete sentence
• One clause contains only one verb and one subject
Examples:
1. I graduated last year. (one clause sentence)
2. When I came here, I saw him. ( Two clause sentence)
And so on this chain continue.

13. Types of Clauses
There are four types of clauses:
1. Independent clause ( Main clause)
2. Dependent clause ( Sub-ordinate clause)
3. Relative clause ( Adjective clause)
4. Noun clause
1. Independent clause (Main clause):
• An independent clause contain a verb and subject.
• It conveys complete thought.
• It is connected with the help of coordinating conjunction.
Coordinating Conjunction: A conjunction that connects two units of
equal grammatical ranks. e.g. and, but, for, not, yet.

14. Types of Clause
Example:
1. She walked. ( It contain two words but it is complete
sentence and giving complete sense).
A second example with coordinating conjunction.
2. He brought a new car but he is still using old one.
2. Dependent clause (Sub-ordinate clause):
• It also contains a subject and a verb.
• Do not convey complete thought.
• It depends on the rest of the sentence for its meanings and
context.

15. Types of Clause
• Often starts with subordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjunction: A conjunction that connects a
dependent clause with independent clause. E.g. although,
because, until, whether etc.
Structure of dependent clause:
Subordinating conjunction +Subject +verb = incomplete thought
Example:
Whenever I go to superstore, I buy chips.

16. Types of clause
3. Relative clause ( Adjective clause):
• Start with relative pronoun
• Does not stand alone
• Sometime called “adjective clause”
• Gives information about noun
It is also noteworthy that it is a dependent clause as it does not
stand alone.
Relative pronoun: who, whom, that, which, whose
Example:
I met my friend yesterday. The friend who, had curly hairs, was
very intelligent.

17. Types of clause
4. Noun clause
• Act as a noun
• Act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate
nominatives
• Often starts with pronoun
• Pronouns have grammatical function in the sentence
• Dependent clause
Example:
1. Tell me who left this book on the table.(Direct object)
2. I shall tell whoever will listen to my interesting
story.(Indirect object)
3. The boy with curled hair is who I want on my
team.(Predicate nominative)

18. Types of Sentences
On the basis of number of clauses and types of clauses present
in a sentence, sentences are divided into four types.
1. Simple Sentences
2. Compound Sentences
3. Complex Sentences
4. Complex-compound Sentences

19. Simple Sentence
A simple sentence is:
• It is consists of only one independent class containing a
subject and a verb and it expresses a complete thought.
• There is no dependent clause.
• An independent clause (also called main clause) is a simple
sentence.
• It is very important for the comma placement.

20. Simple Sentence
Examples:
• Marry is working on her project.
• That house is ours.
• You are so cool.
One more thing is worth taking in notes that simple sentence are
not only about basic and short but it could also have compound
subjects.
Example:
Marry and Elizabeth are working on their project.

21. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is:
• Consist of al least two independent clauses joined by
coordinating conjunction.
• There is no dependent clause in compound sentences.
• Independent clause can also be joined by semi-colon ;.
• A comma may or may not be used in compound sentences.

22. Compound Sentence
Examples:
• I like an apple but my brother like a mango.
• He failed two times yet he is not disappointed.
• I asked him a question; he replied correctly.
It is also possible in compound sentences, to smooth the
transition from one clause to the other with conjunctive adverbs.
Example:
It was a difficult assignment, however, Kelly was up to the
challenge.

23. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence is:
• Consists of at least one independent clause and one dependent
clause
• It is connected with the help of subordinating conjunction
Examples:
1. You cannot pass the test unless you study for it.
2. She is wearing a shirt which looks nice.

24. Complex Sentence
• If a complex sentence starts with an independent clause, a
comma is not used between clauses in that complex sentence.
• If a sentence starts with a dependent clause then a comma is
used after dependent clause.
Examples:
1. He is playing well although he is ill.
2. Although he is ill, he is playing well.

25. Complex-Compound Sentence
A complex-compound sentence:
• Consists of a two independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses.
• Dependent clause could be at the beginning, middle or end of
the sentence but the punctuation follow the rules as same as
compound and complex sentences respectively.
• A comma after coordinating conjunction and one after
dependent clause if it is at the start of the sentence.

26. Complex-Compound sentence
Examples:
1. He went to college and I went to a market where I bought a
book.
2. When I went to the store, my parents wanted me to pick up
some milk, but I didn’t have enough money.

27. Types of Sentence
According to the use of sentences there are also four types of
sentences:
1. Declarative Sentence
2. Imperative Sentence
3. Exclamatory Sentence
4. Interrogative Sentence

28. Declarative Sentence
• A declarative sentence is a sentence that states facts. Such
sentences are simple.
• They state, assert or declare something.
• Ends with a period.
Example:
• Chrysanthemum is the national flower of Japan.
• The army declared a war.
• The sun sets in the west.

29. Imperative Sentence
• An imperative sentence gives a command, makes a request
and express a wish.
• Ends with period
Example:
1. Go to your room.
2. Please lend me your pen.
3. Have a nice day, today.

30. Exclamatory Sentence
• An exclamatory sentence expresses sudden and strong
feelings, such as surprise, wonder, pity, happiness and
sympathy.
• It ends with an exclamation mark.
Example:
1. Oh what a shame! My phone is broken.
2. I can’t believe it!

31. Interrogative Sentence
• It can ask a question.
• It ends with a question mark.
• Example;
1. Which do you prefer? Water or coffee
2. Would you like to watch a movie.

32. References
1. Handbook to better English by World Marketing
Corporation http://www.studyandexam.com/sentence-
types.html
2. (http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/rareer/english-resources/sentence-
type-exercises-and-quizzes )
3. Tons of fun with grammar http://www.grammar
book.com/exercise/grammar/cnt_gram.html