Different words have different grammatical functions in sentences. These functions are called word classes or parts of speech, which include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, determiners, pronouns, conjunctions, and complementizers. Words that denote objects and ideas are called content words, while function words that do not denote objects aid the structure of sentences. Verbs inflect based on tense, person, number and voice to indicate grammatical relationships between subjects and objects.
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday,[1] is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this expression is considered excessive and awkward by English speakers. Conversely, a corresponding expression in technology, powerful computer, is preferred over strong computer. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where an idiom's meaning is derived from its convention as a stand-in for something else while collocation is a mere popular composition.
There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.
Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday,[1] is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this expression is considered excessive and awkward by English speakers. Conversely, a corresponding expression in technology, powerful computer, is preferred over strong computer. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where an idiom's meaning is derived from its convention as a stand-in for something else while collocation is a mere popular composition.
There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.
Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.
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The simple explanations will clarify any misunderstandings, with the help of clear bullet points, concise definitions, and examples.
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Word Class in English
1. Different words do different
jobs in a sentence.
word class
Danial Mohammadzadeh
2. Different words do different
jobs in a sentence.
oun
n
p
pronoun
pos
re
dete
r
tion
i
mine
r
adje
c
verb
tive
adverb
conjunction
These are called
word classes.
5. general
names
particular
names
Nouns 1
a noun is
the name of
a person,
place, animal
or thing
just one
more
than one
singular
plural
girl
girls
common
noun
proper
noun
girl
Emma
city
Belfast
city
cities
dog
Fido
fox
foxes
day
Monday
man
men
6. singular noun
for a plural group
Nouns 2
collective
nouns
Nouns
can be…
abstract
nouns
idea ju
stice
hap
pin
ess
grief
wisdom
am
oup te
gr
k
crowd floc
class
herd
A group of words built
round a noun is
called a noun phrase.
things you can’t
see, hear, touch, smell
The small boy with grubby
knees was laughing.
We had an interesting
discussion about life.
It acts like a noun in a sentence.
7. past
tense
e.g. ate
was eating
Verb 1
The verb is
the word that tells
you what’s
happening in a
sentence
used to eat
had eaten
future
e.g. will eat
is going
to eat
present tense
e.g. eats is eating
Where more than one
word is needed it’s
called a verb chain.
8. imperative
e.g. Stop!
Mix the flour…
Verb 2
Verbs can
be…
negative
e.g. is not…
cannot… don’t…
interrogative
e.g. What is she doing?
May I have a drink?
conditional
e.g. may be…
might have…
could be…
active or passive
The monster
ate the pie.
The pie
was eaten
by the
monster.
9. Nouns and Verbs
Phrase(Art+N) eg. The books
1. Complement(V+Art+N) borrow the books
2. Subject eg. The rabbit ran.
3. Argument(complement and subject)
10. They can come
before the noun…
e.g. The huge
fluffy monster
Adjectives
Adjectives
tell you
more about
a noun.
They can be…
comparative or superlative.
taller
more enormous
or after it…
e.g. The monster
was huge and
fluffy.
They can suggest degree…
tallest
most enormous
rather tall quite ta
ll
tall
ish extremely tall
11. Adverbs
how?
Adverbs fill in
background
detail about
what happens.
e.g. gently
sadly
happily
comparative
superlative
more
happily
most
happily
degree
quite happily
extremely happily
where?
e.g.
when?
e.g.
now then
afterwards
yesterday
inside
outside
here
there
everywhere
12. in the garden
in
up
Prepositions
on
on his best
behaviour
Prepositions
after lunch
after
come at the
with big teeth
beginning of
ith
through the
w
a phrase.
round the
through years
round
corner
unde
over
r under the arches
over the rainbow
up the stairs
The phrases
sometimes act like adjectives and sometimes like adverbs.
adjectives…
adverbs
m or e
us
elling the dog
t
t
abou
The dog in the garden
was barking.
w
The dog was barking i here was
t bar
king?
in the garden.
14. Words which do not denote objects, ideas, etc.
are known as function words and they belong to
functional categories.
They differed from nouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs and prepositions(content words)
They differ:
1. In description of individual languages
2. In study of acquisition of language
3. In study of language disorders.
15.
There is a relationship between content words and
function words, that assigning words to lexical
categories rely on specific types of function words.
16. an apple
a book
an
Determiners
a
Nouns can be
preceded by a
definite or
indefinite
article
that
this
he
t
the car
that bag
The articles the/a and the demonstratives belong to a
class a function words called determiners
n
now
k
a re es
t
tha trativ
s/
Thi emons
as d
Like your, his, her, its, our, their, the
word my is half-way between a
pronoun and a determiner.
17. Auxiliary verbs
can
will
be
Verbs can be
ust
preceded by a type m
of function words
which are known as
auxiliaries verbs have
They differ with lexical verbs in terms of “moving”, that
lexical verbs do not move in a sentence while these verbs
move.
Also a sentence is negated by placing “not”( or n’t) after a
n auxiliary.
18. Pronouns
Singular
A
pronoun
stands in
place of
a noun
Plural
First
person
Second
person
Third
person
we
you
they
us
you
them
his/hers/its
our
your
their
his/hers/its
ours
yours
theirs
First
person
Second
person
Third
person
I
you
he/she/it
me
you
him/her/it
my
your
mine
yours
myself
yourself
himself/herself
/itself
Any word that stands in for a noun
(or noun phrase) is a pronoun, e.g.
this, that, those, one
ourselves yourselves themselves
20. complementisers
The subordinating
conjunction “that” in
modern linguistics are
known as
complementisers
Tom wondered [if it will rain]
Tom arranged [for Dick to leave early]
Each of the bracketed clauses is a complement clause,
since it serves as the complement of the bold-face verb.
Index
21. Ver bs have a simple f or m which ar e called t he
.base f or m
Ther e ar e special f or ms of ver bs in a
sent ence, t hat is a base f or m plus an ending –
.s
Eg. He plays baseball on Mondays.
.Her e t he ver b agr ees wit h it s subj ect
22. 1.
2.
3.
Daniel pr esent ed a pr esent at ion.
Daniel is pr esent ing a pr esent at ion.
Daniel has pr esent ed a pr esent at ion.
The ver b “pr esent ed” in number 1 has indicat ed
t he Tense of t he act ion.
I n English we have r egular ver bs and ir r egular
ones.
23. 2. Daniel is presenting a presentation.
ing-form is sometimes referred to as present participle, but
it is better to call them as progressive participle which is
talking about an on-going action.
The auxiliary “be” is referred to as a “progressive auxiliary”
when it’s used in progressive aspect sentences.
24. 3. Daniel has presented a presentation.
The “presented” in this sentence is wrongly called “past
participle” of the verb “present”, which is must be called
as “perfect participle”.
The auxiliary “has” is referred to as a “perfect auxiliary”
when it’s used in conjunction with a perfect participle.
25. When a wor d appear s in a var iet y of f or ms depending
on it s gr ammat ical r ole in t he sent ence, we say t hat it
inf lect s.
A cat egor y like Tense is t her ef or e called an
inf lect ional cat egor y.
The cat egor y of Tense has t wo f or ms, past and nonpast in English.
Eg. Took(past f or m) and t ake/ t akes(non-past f or m)
26. t he t r adit ional t er m used t o dist inguish sent ences in which t he
r elat ions of subj ect and obj ect ar e changed is voice.
1.
Daniel t ook a pict ur e of J ohn.( act ive par t iciple )
2.
A pict ur e of J ohn was t aken by Daniel.( passive par t iciple )