This document provides an overview of semiconductors presented by three students. It begins with an introduction to semiconductors, describing them as materials with properties between conductors and insulators. It then discusses the two types of semiconductors: n-type and p-type. The document goes on to explain doping and how it is used to alter the conductivity of semiconductors. It also describes biasing and the differences between forward and reverse biasing. Additional topics covered include diodes, applications of semiconductors in electronics, and their importance. In conclusion, the presentation provides a high-level overview of key concepts relating to semiconductors.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Electrical and Electronic Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
The presentation describes bohr's model of atom, Energy band gap, Semiconductor covalent bonding, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor, current flow through holes and conductivity of semiconductor
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Electrical and Electronic Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
The presentation describes bohr's model of atom, Energy band gap, Semiconductor covalent bonding, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor, current flow through holes and conductivity of semiconductor
Electrode - Electrolyte Interface Studies in Lithium BatteriesMarine Cuisinier
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Introduction
Semiconductor is a solid substance that has conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. Devices made of semiconductors, notably silicon, are essential components of most electronic circuits.
Examples: Silicon, Germanium, Carbon
Intrinsic & Extrinsic Semiconductor
Semiconductors are mainly classified into two categories: Intrinsic and Extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor material is chemically very pure and possesses poor conductivity. It has equal numbers of negative carriers (electrons) and positive carriers (holes). Where as an extrinsic semiconductor is an improved intrinsic semiconductor with a small amount of impurities added.
The Doping of Semiconductors
The addition of a small percentage of foreign atoms in the regular crystal lattice of silicon or germanium produces dramatic changes in their electrical properties, producing n-type and p-type semiconductors.
Pentavalent impurities
Impurity atoms with 5 valence electrons produce n-type semiconductors by contributing extra electrons.
Trivalent impurities
Impurity atoms with 3 valence electrons produce p-type semiconductors by producing a "hole" or electron deficiency.
N-Type Semiconductor
The addition of pentavalent impurities such as antimony, arsenic or phosphorous contributes free electrons, greatly increasing the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor. Phosphorous may be added by diffusion of phosphine gas (PH3).
P-Type Semiconductor
The addition of trivalent impurities such as boron, aluminum or gallium to an intrinsic semiconductor creates deficiencies of valence electrons,called "holes". It is typical to use B2H6 diborane gas to diffuse boron into the silicon material.
Diodes
A device that blocks current in one direction while letting current flow in another direction is called a diode. Diodes can be used in a number of ways. For example, a device that uses batteries often contains a diode that protects the device if you insert the batteries backward. The diode simply blocks any current from leaving the battery if it is reversed -- this protects the sensitive electronics in the device.
Basic Information regarding superconductors.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
This power-point presentation include
1. Introduction to Superconductors
2. Discovery
3. Properties
4. Important factors
5. Types
6. High Tc Superconductors
7. Magnetic Levitation and its application
8. Josephson effect
9. Application of superconductors
#Tip- You can further add videos which are available in vast amount on YouTube regarding superconductivity(specially magnetic levitation)
P.S.Does not contain information about Cooper pairs and BCS theory
This presentation gives a lot of information about
Semiconductor Devices.This is presented by Rajesh Kumar Sangani from Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,Basar Dist
Adilabad,A.P,India.
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS.
Introduction to P-N Junction Diode and V-I Characteristics
Half wave and Full wave rectifiers
Capacitor filters
Zener diode and its Characteristics
Zener Diode as Voltage regulator
Introduction to Semiconductor Devices.
In modern world no other technology permeates every nook and cranny of our existence as does electronics.
Application of electronics are : Televisions, radios, stereo equipment, computers, scanners, electronic control systems (in cars for example) etc.
TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR 2024.pptxnikitacareer3
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Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
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Semiconductors
1. Semi-conductorsSemi-conductors
Presented by:Presented by:
1.Rida Imtiaz1.Rida Imtiaz (Roll No:2172 )(Roll No:2172 )
2.Ishrat2.Ishrat (Roll No:2160 )(Roll No:2160 )
3.Kanza3.Kanza (Roll No:2165 )(Roll No:2165 )
Presented to:Presented to:
Miss xyzMiss xyz
Batch : FET 13, BS Electronics EngineeringBatch : FET 13, BS Electronics Engineering
International Islamic University Islamabad ,IIUIInternational Islamic University Islamabad ,IIUI
2. SemiconductorsSemiconductors
Overview:Overview:
Following are the topics which will be covered in this presentation.Following are the topics which will be covered in this presentation.
Introduction to semiconductorsIntroduction to semiconductors
Types of semiconductorsTypes of semiconductors
N-type semiconductorsN-type semiconductors
P-type semiconductorsP-type semiconductors
DopingDoping
N-type dopingN-type doping
P-type dopingP-type doping
BiasingBiasing
Forward biasingForward biasing
Reverse biasingReverse biasing
DiodesDiodes
Role of semiconductors in electronics engineeringRole of semiconductors in electronics engineering
ApplicationsApplications
ImportanceImportance
ConclusionConclusion
3. Introduction to semiconductorsIntroduction to semiconductors
SemiconductorsSemiconductors are materials that have properties in betweenare materials that have properties in between
normalnormal conductorsconductors (materials that allow electric current to pass, e.g. aluminium)(materials that allow electric current to pass, e.g. aluminium)
andand insulatorsinsulators (which block electric current, e.g. sulphur).(which block electric current, e.g. sulphur).
Semiconductors fall into two broad categories.Semiconductors fall into two broad categories.
1.1. First, there areFirst, there are intrinsicintrinsic semiconductorssemiconductors
These are composed of only one kind of material. Silicon and germanium are twoThese are composed of only one kind of material. Silicon and germanium are two
examplesexamples
They are also called "undoped semiconductors" or "i-type semiconductors".They are also called "undoped semiconductors" or "i-type semiconductors".
2-2-ExtrinsicExtrinsic semiconductors.semiconductors.
Which are made of intrinsic semiconductors that have had other substances added toWhich are made of intrinsic semiconductors that have had other substances added to
them to alter their properties.them to alter their properties.
4. Types of semiconductorsTypes of semiconductors
There are two types of semiconductorsThere are two types of semiconductors
N-type semiconductorsN-type semiconductors
A N-type material is one in which electrons are majority charge carriers i.e. they are negatively chargedA N-type material is one in which electrons are majority charge carriers i.e. they are negatively charged
materials (-----)materials (-----)
N-type has many free electrons in conduction band and few holes In valence band
Free Electron
15P
14P
14P 14P
14P
Phosphorous atom
5. P-type semiconductors:P-type semiconductors:
A P-type material is one in which holes are majority carriers i.e. they are positively charged materials (+++A P-type material is one in which holes are majority carriers i.e. they are positively charged materials (+++
+)+)
P-type has few free electrons in conduction band and many holes In valence
band
13P
14P
14P 14P
14P
Aluminum atomHole
6. Majority and minority carriersMajority and minority carriers
ElectronsElectrons areare
• MajorityMajority carriers incarriers in NN-type semiconductor-type semiconductor
• MinorityMinority carriers incarriers in PP-type semiconductor-type semiconductor
Holes are
• Majority carriers in P-type semiconductor
• Minority carriers in N-type semiconductor
7. DopingDoping
The conductivity of semiconductors may easily be modified by introducing impuritiesThe conductivity of semiconductors may easily be modified by introducing impurities
into theirinto their crystal latticecrystal lattice..
The process of adding controlled impurities to a semiconductor is known asThe process of adding controlled impurities to a semiconductor is known as dopingdoping..
The amount of impurity, or dopant, added to anThe amount of impurity, or dopant, added to an intrinsicintrinsic (pure) semiconductor varies(pure) semiconductor varies
its level of conductivity.its level of conductivity.
Doped semiconductors are referred to asDoped semiconductors are referred to as extrinsicextrinsic..
By adding impurity to pure semiconductors, the electrical conductivity may be variedBy adding impurity to pure semiconductors, the electrical conductivity may be varied
by factors of thousands or millions.by factors of thousands or millions.
8. Types of DopingTypes of Doping
n-dopingn-doping
The 5-valent dopant has an outer electron more than the silicon atoms. Four outerThe 5-valent dopant has an outer electron more than the silicon atoms. Four outer
electrons combine with ever one silicon atom, while the fifth electron is free to moveelectrons combine with ever one silicon atom, while the fifth electron is free to move
and serves as charge carrier. This free electron requires much less energy to be liftedand serves as charge carrier. This free electron requires much less energy to be lifted
from the valence band into the conduction band, than the electrons which cause thefrom the valence band into the conduction band, than the electrons which cause the
intrinsic conductivity of silicon. The dopant, which emits an electron, is known as anintrinsic conductivity of silicon. The dopant, which emits an electron, is known as an
electron donor (donare, lat. = to give).electron donor (donare, lat. = to give).
n-doping with phosphorusn-doping with phosphorus
9. P-Type doping :P-Type doping :
In contrast to the free electron due to doping with phosphorus, the 3-valent dopantIn contrast to the free electron due to doping with phosphorus, the 3-valent dopant
effect is exactly the opposite. The 3-valent dopants can catch an additional outereffect is exactly the opposite. The 3-valent dopants can catch an additional outer
electron, thus leaving a hole in the valence band of silicon atoms. Therefore theelectron, thus leaving a hole in the valence band of silicon atoms. Therefore the
electrons in the valence band become mobile. The holes move in the oppositeelectrons in the valence band become mobile. The holes move in the opposite
direction to the movement of the electrons. The necessary energy to lift an electrondirection to the movement of the electrons. The necessary energy to lift an electron
into the energy level of indium as a dopant, is only 1 % of the energy which is neededinto the energy level of indium as a dopant, is only 1 % of the energy which is needed
to raise a valence electron of silicon into the conduction band.to raise a valence electron of silicon into the conduction band.
p-doping with boronp-doping with boron
10. BiasingBiasing
.. Forward bias:Forward bias:
In forward bias condition, higher or positive potential is applied at the anode andIn forward bias condition, higher or positive potential is applied at the anode and
negative or lower potential is applied at the cathode of a diode.negative or lower potential is applied at the cathode of a diode.
The positive potential at anode repels the holes in p-region towards n-region whileThe positive potential at anode repels the holes in p-region towards n-region while
negative potential at the cathode repels electrons in n-region towards p-region.negative potential at the cathode repels electrons in n-region towards p-region.
Thus, the height of the potential barrier reduces.Thus, the height of the potential barrier reduces.
The depletion region disappears when the applied voltage equals to the potential barrierThe depletion region disappears when the applied voltage equals to the potential barrier
and a large current flows through the diode.and a large current flows through the diode.
The voltage required to drive the diode into a state of conduction is called as the ‘CutThe voltage required to drive the diode into a state of conduction is called as the ‘Cut
in/Offset/Threshold/Firing voltage’.in/Offset/Threshold/Firing voltage’.
The current is of considerable magnitude as it is dominantly constituted by the majorityThe current is of considerable magnitude as it is dominantly constituted by the majority
charge currents that is the hole current in the p-region and the electron current in thecharge currents that is the hole current in the p-region and the electron current in the
n-region.n-region.
12. DiodesDiodes
What is a Diode?What is a Diode?
A A DiodeDiode is the simplest two-terminal unilateral semiconductor device. is the simplest two-terminal unilateral semiconductor device.
It allows current to flow only in one direction and blocks the current that flows in It allows current to flow only in one direction and blocks the current that flows in
the opposite direction.the opposite direction.
The two terminals of the diode are called as anode and cathode. The two terminals of the diode are called as anode and cathode.
The The symbol of diodesymbol of diode is as shown in the figure below. is as shown in the figure below.
13. Characteristics of DiodeCharacteristics of Diode
Diode always conducts in one direction.Diode always conducts in one direction.
Diodes always conduct current when “Forward Biased” ( Zero resistance)Diodes always conduct current when “Forward Biased” ( Zero resistance)
Diodes do not conduct when Reverse BiasedDiodes do not conduct when Reverse Biased
(Infinite resistance)(Infinite resistance)
I-V characteristics of Ideal diodeI-V characteristics of Ideal diode
16. Electro photographic application:
one of the most common, everyday used application is electro photography or xerography
(Greek word, meaning is “dry writing”).
The first xerography was made by Carlson and Kornei in 1938(!) in Astoria NY (USA).
The really first experiment was made using sulfur, but later on Se was the basic
material. Recently a-Si:H films have been utilized instead.
Solar cells:
Potentially the most important application of the amorphous semiconductors a-Si:H is in
the direct conversion of sunlight to electric power.
This is a cheaper raw material than crystalline silicon. No structural damage!
For example: space shuttle use.
17. The conversation of solar light to electric power is available renewaable sources ofThe conversation of solar light to electric power is available renewaable sources of
energies.energies.
The basic physical principle involved is the absorption of photon resulting in theThe basic physical principle involved is the absorption of photon resulting in the
creation of electron-hole pairs; the excess electrons in the conduction band, and holescreation of electron-hole pairs; the excess electrons in the conduction band, and holes
in the valence band.in the valence band.
Internal junction field separates them before recombination.Internal junction field separates them before recombination.