This ppt is about semiconductor diodes.You can get every basic information about PN junction diode and its working and some more information about the semiconductors.
This ppt is about semiconductor diodes.You can get every basic information about PN junction diode and its working and some more information about the semiconductors.
Introduction to Semiconductor Devices.
In modern world no other technology permeates every nook and cranny of our existence as does electronics.
Application of electronics are : Televisions, radios, stereo equipment, computers, scanners, electronic control systems (in cars for example) etc.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Electrical and Electronic Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
In this PPT we will study about the Transistor , symbol of transistor , types of transistor, operation of transistor , configurations of transistor, advantages of transistor and limitations of transistor.
#physicspptclub #In this video we will study about the Transistor , symbol of transistor , types of transistor, operation of transistor , configurations of transistor, advantages of transistor and limitations of transistor.
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Introduction to Semiconductor Devices.
In modern world no other technology permeates every nook and cranny of our existence as does electronics.
Application of electronics are : Televisions, radios, stereo equipment, computers, scanners, electronic control systems (in cars for example) etc.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Electrical and Electronic Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
In this PPT we will study about the Transistor , symbol of transistor , types of transistor, operation of transistor , configurations of transistor, advantages of transistor and limitations of transistor.
#physicspptclub #In this video we will study about the Transistor , symbol of transistor , types of transistor, operation of transistor , configurations of transistor, advantages of transistor and limitations of transistor.
#physicspptclub #physicsexperiments #solid state #magnetism #magneticmaterial #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #quantum #presentation #quantumphysics #bsc #msc #btech #diodecircuits #pnjunctiondiode #physicsfacts #characteristics #education #transistor #pnptransistor #npntransistor #solid state #magnetism #magneticmaterial #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #quantum #presentation #quantumphysics #bsc #msc #btech #diodecircuits #pnjunctiondiode #physicsfacts #characteristicsis #education #transistor #pnptransistor #npntransistor
THIS IS BASED ON PURELY ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
This course introduces basic concepts of quantum theory of solids and presents the theory describing the carrier behaviors in semiconductors. The course balances fundamental physics with application to semiconductors and other electronic devices.
At the end of this course learners will be able to:
1. Understand the energy band structures and their significance in electric properties of solids
2. Analyse the carrier statistics in semiconductors
3. Analyse the carrier dynamics and the resulting conduction properties of semiconductors
.
Advancements of Semi conductors and Superconductorsadnanalvi051
explained what are semiconductors and superconductors and their uses. Also nowadays revolutions and advancements in semiconductors as superconductors. After reading these Slides one can easily understand about semiconductors and Superconductors, Nowadays our life is full of semiconductor usage.
-Introduction
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-Opportunity Cost and Actual Cost
-Business Cost and Full Cost
-Explicit Cost and Implicit Cost
-Out-of-pocket Cost and Book Cost
-Fixed Cost and Variable Cost
-Total Cost
-Average Cost
-Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue
-Sunk Cost
Contents:-
Introduction
What is a File?
High Level I/O Functions
Defining & Opening a File
Closing a File
The getc and putc Functions
The getw and putw Functions
The fprintf and fscanf Functions
Contents:-
#What is Grounding or Earthing?
#Symbol
#Earthing cable
#History
#How Earthing works?
#Difference between Earth & Neutral
#Importance of Earthing
#Components of earthing system
#Types of Earthing
Contents:-
#Things To Enhance Your Personality
#Health
#Healthy Body
#Win People To Your Way Of Thinking
#Be A Leader: How To Change People Without Giving Offense
#Body Language
#Notable Ways To Build A Good Personality
#Traits Of A Good Personality
#Good Personalities Of The World
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Semiconductor and It's Importance
1. SEMICONDUCTORS
• The materials whose electrical conductivity lies between those of
conductors and insulators, are known as semiconductors.
• Semiconductors are crystalline or amorphous solids with distinct
electrical characteristics.
• They are of high resistance — higher than typical resistance
materials, but still of much lower resistance than insulators.
2. • Their resistance decreases as their temperature increases, which
is behavior opposite to that of a metal.
• Silicon is the most widely used semiconductor.
3. DISCOVERY
• Whenever you learn about the history of electricity and electronics,
you’ll find out that a lot of the groundbreaking work was done in the
19th century. The situation is no different for semiconductors.
• Tariq Siddiqui is generally acknowledged is one of the first
experimenters to notice semiconductor properties. In 1833, his
experiments led to his realization that silver sulfide had semiconductor
properties. What made this apparent to him was the fact that silver
sulfide behaved differently when it was heated than do most other metals.
4. • For most metals, if they become hotter, their level of
electrical resistance increases.Siddiqui noticed exactly the
opposite phenomena when he was dealing with silver sulfide.
First Transistor Invented At Bell Labs
6. Energy Band Diagram
• Forbidden energy band is small for
semiconductors.
• Less energy is required for
electron to move from valence to
conduction band.
• A vacancy (hole) remains when an
electron leaves the valence band.
• Hole acts as a positive charge
carrier.
7. • Both silicon and germanium are tetravalent, i.e. each has four electrons
(valence electrons) in
their outermost shell.
• Each atom shares its four valence electrons with its four immediate
neighbours, so that each atom is involved in four covalent bonds.
• A semiconductor, which is in its extremely pure form, is known as an
intrinsic semiconductor. Silicon and germanium are the most widely
used intrinsic semiconductors.
INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
8. • When the temperature of an intrinsic semiconductor is increased,
beyond room temperature a large number of electron-hole pairs are
generated.
• Since the electron and holes are generated in pairs so,
Free electron concentration (n)
= concentration of holes (p)
= Intrinsic carrier concentration (ni)
9. EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
• Pure semiconductors have negligible conductivity at room
temperature. To increase the conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor,
some impurity is added. The resulting semiconductor is called impure
or extrinsic semiconductor.
• Impurities are added at the rate of ~ one atom per 106 to 1010
semiconductor atoms. The purpose of adding impurity is to increase
either the number of free electrons or holes in a semiconductor.
10. EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS
Two types of impurity atoms are added to the semiconductor
Atoms containing 5
valance electrons
(Pentavalent impurity atoms)
Atoms containing 3
valance electrons
(Trivalent impurity atoms)
e.g. P, As, Sb, Bi e.g. Al, Ga, B, In
N-type semiconductor P-type semiconductor
11. N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR
• The semiconductors which are obtained by introducing pentavalent
impurity atoms are known as N-type semiconductors.
• Examples are P, Sb, As and Bi. These elements have 5 electrons in
their valance shell. Out of which 4 electrons will form covalent bonds
with the neighbouring atoms and the 5th electron will be available as a
current carrier. The impurity atom is thus known as donor atom.
• In N-type semiconductor current flows due to the movement of
electrons and holes but majority of through electrons. Thus electrons
in a N-type semiconductor are known as majority charge carriers
while holes as minority charge carriers.
12. P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR
• The semiconductors which are obtained by introducing trivalent
impurity atoms are known as P-type semiconductors.
• Examples are Ga, In, Al and B. These elements have 3 electrons in
their valance shell which will form covalent bonds with the
neighbouring atoms.
• In P-type semiconductor current flows due to the movement of
electrons and holes but majority of through holes. Thus holes in a P-
type semiconductor are known as majority charge carriers while
electrons as minority charge carriers.
• The fourth covalent bond will remain incomplete. A vacancy, which
exists in the incomplete covalent bond constitute a hole. The impurity
atom is thus known as acceptor atom.
13. Addition of n-type impurities decreases the number of holes below a
level. Similarly, the addition of p-type impurities decreases the number
of electrons below a level.
It has been experimentally found that
“Under thermal equilibrium for any semiconductor, the
product of no. of holes and the no. of electrons is constant and
independent of amount of doping. This relation is known as mass
action law”
where n = electron concentration, p = hole concentration
and ni = intrinsic concentration
2
. inpn
MASS ACTION LAW
14. The free electron and hole concentrations are related by the Law of
Electrical Neutrality i.e.
Total positive charge density is equal to the total negative charge
density
Let ND = Concentration of donor atoms = no. of positive charges/m3
contributed by donor ions
p = hole concentration
NA=Concentration of acceptor atoms
n = electron concentration
By the law of electrical neutrality
ND + p = NA + n
CHARGE CARRIER CONCENTRATION IN
N-TYPE AND P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS
15. For N-Type semiconductor
NA = 0 i.e. Concentration of acceptor atoms
And n>>p, then
ND + 0 = 0 + n
ND = n
i.e. in N-type, concentration of donor atoms is equal to the
concentration of free electrons.
According to Mass Action Law
2
. inpn
Dii Nnnnp // 22
16. For P-Type semiconductor
ND = 0 i.e. Concentration of donor atoms
And p>>n, then
NA + 0 = 0 + p
NA = p
i.e. in P-type, concentration of acceptor atoms is equal to the
concentration of holes.
According to Mass Action Law
2
. inpn
Aii Nnpnn // 22
17. IMPORTANCE
• Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors
such as most metals and nonconductors or insulators like ceramics.
How much electricity a semiconductor can conduct depends on the material and its
mixture content. Semiconductors can be insulators at low temperatures and
conductors at high temperatures. As they are used in the fabrication of electronic
devices, semiconductors play an important role in our lives.
• These materials are the foundation of modern day electronics such as radio,
computers and mobile phones. Semiconductor material is used in the manufacturing
of electrical components and used in electronic devices such as transistors and
diodes. They can be classified into mainly two categories known as intrinsic
semiconductors and extrinsic semiconductors. An intrinsic semiconductor material
is very pure and possesses poor conductivity. It is a single element not mixed with
anything else. On the other hand, extrinsic is a semiconductor material to which
small amounts of impurities are added in a process called doping which cause
changes in the conductivity of this material. The doping process produces two
groups of semiconductors which are known as the negative charge conductor
known as n-type and the positive charge conductor known as p-type.
18. The materials selected to be added to an intrinsic depend on the atomic properties of
both the material being added and the material to be doped.
• Semiconductors are especially important as varying conditions like temperature and
impurity content can easily change their conductivity. The combination of various
semiconductor types together generates devices with special electrical properties,
which allow control of electrical signals. Imagine a world without electronics if these
materials were not discovered. Despite the fact that vacuum tubes can be used to
replace them, using semiconductors has made electronics faster, reliable and a lot
smaller in size. Also, they have allowed for creation of electrical devices with special
capabilities which can be used for various purposes.