Scaffolding
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Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected around buildings during construction to support workers and materials. It consists of standards, ledgers, braces, putlogs, transoms, and boarding. The main types are single scaffolding for bricklayers, double scaffolding for masons, cantilever scaffolding, suspended scaffolding where the platform is raised and lowered by ropes or chains, trestle scaffolding on movable bases like ladders, steel scaffolding using tubes for strength and durability, and patented scaffolding available commercially with special couplings and adjustable platforms.
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A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
SCAFFOLDING SHORING & UNDERPINNING
1. Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected close to construction works to provide a safe working platform for workers. It consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs, braces and other components.
2. There are different types of scaffolding based on their design and use, including single, double, cantilever, suspended, trestle, steel and patented scaffolding.
3. Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe structure. Types include raking, flying and dead shoring. Underpinning involves placing a new foundation below an existing one or strengthening the existing foundation, using methods such as the pit method or pile method.
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Deep foundation
Deep foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil near the surface is insufficient or space is restricted for shallow foundations. Deep foundations extend below the shallow soil layers to reach stronger soil at depth. Common types include pile foundations, caisson foundations, and cofferdams. Pile foundations transmit structural loads to the ground through end bearing on a hard layer or side friction along the pile. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite of materials. The type of pile used depends on factors like soil conditions, structural loads, material availability, and cost.
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SCAFFOLDING SHORING & UNDERPINNING
1. Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected close to construction works to provide a safe working platform for workers. It consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs, braces and other components.
2. There are different types of scaffolding based on their design and use, including single, double, cantilever, suspended, trestle, steel and patented scaffolding.
3. Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe structure. Types include raking, flying and dead shoring. Underpinning involves placing a new foundation below an existing one or strengthening the existing foundation, using methods such as the pit method or pile method.
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Deep foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil near the surface is insufficient or space is restricted for shallow foundations. Deep foundations extend below the shallow soil layers to reach stronger soil at depth. Common types include pile foundations, caisson foundations, and cofferdams. Pile foundations transmit structural loads to the ground through end bearing on a hard layer or side friction along the pile. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite of materials. The type of pile used depends on factors like soil conditions, structural loads, material availability, and cost.
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This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
Scaffolding & underpinning
Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected to support workers and materials during construction activities. It consists of vertical standards, horizontal ledgers and putlogs, diagonal braces, and boarding to form a working platform. Scaffolds include single scaffolds for bricklaying, double scaffolds for superior works, cantilever scaffolds when ground cannot support standard scaffolds, and suspended scaffolds for light works on multi-story buildings. Underpinning involves strengthening existing foundations by excavating below and installing new foundations, using either the pit method with jacks and beams or the pile method by driving piles connected with needles. Both methods provide deeper, stronger foundations to support the building.
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Floors divide buildings into levels and provide support for occupants and furniture. A good floor should be durable, easy to clean, noiseless, fire resistant, and have a pleasing appearance with low maintenance costs. Common flooring types include mud, brick, stone, cement concrete, terrazzo or mosaic, marble, tile, and wood. Each type has advantages - for example, mud floors are economical while marble enhances appearance. Tile floors have gained popularity over concrete due to design options, though tiles are generally more expensive.
Pointing and finishing
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
Scaffolds ppt construction
Scaffolds are elevated temporary work platforms that come in three types - supported, suspended, and aerial lifts. Employees face hazards from falls, falling objects, electrocution, and scaffold collapse. Fall protection such as guardrails or personal fall arrest systems are required for scaffolds over 10 feet. Other requirements include stable construction, competent oversight, inspection, training, and protecting against falls, falling objects, and collapse.
Flooring types
This document discusses different types of flooring materials including carpet and rug, vinyl, marmoleum, tile, hardwood, cork, bamboo, and laminate. For each material, it provides a few bullet points describing their key properties such as being affordable, durable, eco-friendly, or providing insulation. A variety of flooring options are presented along with their main characteristics.
Success through Scaffolding
Help all students succeed in your classroom by using a variety of scaffolding strategies, including verbal, instructional, and procedural. THIEVES, GIST, and CONGA line featured.
flooring and types
this ppt emphasizes more on ceramic tiling.it shows the process and precautions to b taken.this also introduces pros of cons of almost all the types of flooring used worldwide.
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Building Construction 8. formworks and scaffoldings
Building Construction 8. formworks and scaffoldings
Hse presentation health safety_passport scheme_november 2011
Hse presentation health safety_passport scheme_november 2011
What if Process Safety risks were as visible as Health and Safety Risks?
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Scaffolding is a temporary elevated platform used to support workers and materials during construction or repair of buildings. The main parts include standards, ledgers, braces, putlogs, transoms, boarding/working platforms, and guard rails. Common types are bricklayer scaffolding, masonry scaffolding, cantilever scaffolding, suspended scaffolding, trestle scaffolding, and steel scaffolding. Cantilever scaffolding uses needles projecting from openings in walls to support the scaffolding. Suspended scaffolding involves suspending the working platform from roofs using wires or chains.
HSE-9523-TECSM02-Safe-Scaffolding-01 06-SEP-2022.pdf
Scaffolding is a temporary elevated work platform used for holding people or materials during construction and maintenance projects. There are different types of scaffolding including supported, suspended, and other specialized varieties. Key parts of scaffolding include standards, ledgers, transoms, decking/planks, braces, couplers, and base plates. Proper erection and inspection of scaffolding is important for safety, and hazards include falls, collapse, and falling objects. Scaffolding must be erected by competent persons and in accordance with regulations regarding bracing, guardrails, access points, loading capacity, and tie-ins.
Scaffolding and formwork ppt
what is scaffolding formwork - scaffolding formwork those are two important and initial steps that been done at the time of construction. scaffolding and formwork have same importance . there are several scaffolding's and formwork methods. several products etc. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view
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A study on the construction process (Precast concrete, In-situ cast concrete,...
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This document provides information on construction practices related to basements. It discusses different types of basements including ordinary basements, lattice beams, ground anchors, and top-down construction methods. Specific construction techniques are described, such as using diaphragm walls for ordinary basements, installing a series of lattice beams or steel trusses between basement walls, and using ground anchors to stabilize soil. Formwork, shuttering, centering, staging, scaffolding, and deshuttering practices in basement construction are also outlined.
Building materials and construcation Technology (Lintels and Arches)
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Building materials and construction Technology(Lintels and Arches)
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Structures And Forces Science Power Point
Structures and Forces Science PowerPoint discusses different types of structures including arches, frames, beams, domes, bridges, and I-beams. [1] An arch supports weight while spanning a space using a curved structure. [2] Frame structures support other parts of the object using an internal frame. [3] Solid structures are formed from a single strong material like stone or iron.
Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support workers and materials during construction projects. There are several types of scaffolding that are used depending on the type of construction work. Single scaffolding consists of standards, ledgers, and putlogs used for brick masonry. Double scaffolding uses two parallel frames for stone masonry work. Cantilever scaffolding supports standards through holes in walls. Suspended scaffolding suspends working platforms from roofs. Trestle scaffolding supports platforms on movable tripods for indoor work. Steel scaffolding uses steel tubes and fittings for strength and flexibility. Patented scaffolding uses ready-made steel components with adjustable platforms.
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This document discusses various aspects of stair design and construction. It defines key stair terminology and describes different stair types including straight flights, quarter turn, half turn, open well, circular and geometric stairs. It also covers common materials used like brick, stone, metal, reinforced concrete and timber. Modern stair designs are mentioned along with uses of stairs and fire escape requirements.
buildingcomponents-170912183404.pdf
The document discusses the common components of building construction including the substructure, superstructure, foundation, and nominal dimensions. It describes the types of foundations including shallow foundations like spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft foundations. It also describes deep foundations such as pile foundations, pier foundations, and well foundations. It then discusses elements of the superstructure such as walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows, and stairs. It concludes by describing different types of buildings classified by occupancy.
Building materials and construction Technology Roofs.pptx
A roof provides structural covering to protect a building from weather. The main functions of a roof are to provide protection from weather, enclose space, and protect interior from moisture and heat loss. Roofs can be flat, pitched, or curved. Common roof types include simple slab, lean-to, couple close, collar beam, double purlin, and framed trussed roofs using king post or queen post designs. Roof design considers span, materials, loads, wind pressure, and weather resistance.
Building Components
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hi
This PowerPoint presentation summarizes different types of bridge structures including beam, arch, suspension, truss, and different building structures such as frame, solid, shell, and their purposes. The document also provides examples of famous structures like the Eiffel Tower and Great Wall of China to illustrate frame and solid structures respectively.
Walls And Floors, Columns, Plastering And Pointing.pptx
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Stairs
The document discusses different types of stairs and their components. It describes stairs as a means of vertical circulation between floors of a building. The main types of stairs discussed are straight flight, quarter turn, half turn, spiral/elliptical, and winder stairs. Stairs can be made from materials like timber, concrete, steel, and stone. Reinforced concrete and precast concrete are common for multi-story buildings. Stairs must meet requirements for strength, safety, and fire safety.
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This document provides information on formwork, scaffolding, and shoring used for construction projects. It defines each term and discusses the types, materials, and uses. For formwork, it describes the qualities, types including steel and wood, and details for foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, and stairs. It also addresses removal times, maintenance, costs, and advantages of steel formwork. For scaffolding, it outlines types such as single, double, ladder, cantilever, suspended, and steel/tubular along with their components. Finally, it defines shoring and describes methods for horizontal, vertical, and inclined shoring as well as underpinning techniques.
Socio architecture
The document discusses the main types of architectural construction including post and lintel, cantilever, arch, dome, vault, and truss. It provides details on the structural components and materials used for each type. Post and lintel uses vertical posts and a horizontal beam, while cantilever extends one end of the beam further than the other. An arch is made of wedge-shaped stones held by a keystone, and domes and vaults use the arch principle to cover wide areas. Trusses form rigid triangular frameworks to support roofs.
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一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdf
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our desired pressure
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Object Oriented Analysis and Design - OOAD
This ppt gives detailed description of Object Oriented Analysis and design.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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Scaffolding
- 1. Scaffolding
- 2. Introduction • When wall or column or other structural member of bld exceeds 1.5m, a temporary structures are needed to support the platform over which workmen can work and material can kept. • These temporary structures constructed very close to wall, is in the form of timber or steel framework, called Scaffolding.
- 3. Component Parts • Standards • Ledgers • Braces • Putlogs • Transoms • Bridle • Boarding • Guard rail • Toe board
- 4. Types of Scaffolding 1. Single scaffolding or brick layers scaffolding 2. Double scaffolding or mason’s scaffolding 3. Cantilever or needle scaffolding 4. Suspended scaffolding 5. Trestle scaffolding 6. Steel scaffolding 7. Patented scaffolding
- 5. 1. Single scaffolding or brick layers scaffolding
- 6. 2. Double scaffolding or mason’s scaffolding
- 7. 3. Cantilever or needle scaffolding
- 8. 4.Suspended scaffolding • Light weight scaffolding used for repair works like painting, pointing etc. • The working platform is suspended from roofs by means of wire ropes or chains. • Platform can be raised or lowered at any desired level.
- 9. 5.Trestle scaffolding • This is also used for repair works inside the room, up to height of 5m. • The working platform is supported on the top of movable contrivances like tripods, ladders may be mounted on wheels.
- 10. 6.Steel scaffolding • Wooden members are replaced by steel tubes and rope lashings are replaced by steel couplets or fittings. • Such scaffolding can be erected and dismantled rapidly. • It has greater strength, greater durability and higher fire resistance. • Can be used for stone and brick masonry construction.
- 11. 7.Patented scaffolding • Market available scaffoldings. • Equipped with special couplings, frames. • Working platform is supported on brackets which can be adjusted at any suitable height