Prepared this ppt for college Presentation. Hope you liked it....! Conscise and pragmatic.

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
➢DHRUV MISTRY
➢MIHIR PRAJAPATI
➢KEVIN SUTARIYA
➢DHRUV SHAH
➢NIYATI SHAH

2. INDEX
❖Introduction
❖Classification Of Buildings
❖Types Of Load
❖Building Components
•Their Functions
•Nominal Dimension

3. INTRODUCTION
• Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely
functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of
climate. Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings were
able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a global
species.

4. The history of civil construction was began from the period of Primitive
human.
From the protection against cold, rain,
heat, etc they made “cave” as their
shelter.
But that was not enough, cave didn’t
remained safe for long, so huts from the
straws and leaves…..evolution goes on…!
But for better comfort, civil construction
got evolved and still evolving…
Today, we have every comfort and facility, but we have to face the future
upcoming challenges as the shortage of land, etc

5. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS
❖ Building are Classified as follows :
i. Based on Occupancy
ii. Based on Structure

6. BASED
ON
OCCUPANCY
Residential
Buildings
Educational
Buildings
Institutional
Buildings
Assembly
Buildings
Business
Buildings
Mercantile
Buildings
Industrial
Buildings
Storage
Buildings
Hazardous
Buildings

7. Load Bearing Structure
Framed Structure
Composite Structure
BASED ON STRUCTURE

8. LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
 It is a structure comprising of Slabs,
Beams and Load Bearing walls.
 Such type of structures are most
suited where Hard Strata of soil is
available at shallow depth.

9. Brick foundation needs larger
foundation area w.r.t. RCC
framed structure, because load
bearing capacity of brick is much
less than that of RCC.
Most of residential buildings are
small in size and are up to Three
Storey are constructed as load
bearing structures.
Load from slab/roof or trusses and floors are
transmitted through walls to the subsoil below ground
through their foundations.

10. Advantages Disadvantages
•It losses Carpet Area due to more thickness of wall.
• Labour work is increase and Material like brick is
also required in Quantity.
•When the Wall collapse in any situation then Whole
structure will collapse.
•Load bearing structure is bad at earthquake
resistance as shock waves produce irregular tension &
compression in columns; tension is beared greatly by
steel of RCC which is absent in load bearing structure .
•It has thick brick
wall. Thicker walls give
more weather resistance,
noise protection.
•It is good & cheap for less
than 2 floored
construction because bricks
are cheap.

12. FRAMED STRUCTURE
• It is a structure comprising of
Slabs resting on beams and
Beams are supported by a
network of Columns.
• The frame structure can be of
Concrete , Steel or of Wood.

13.  Loads from the slabs are transferred to the beams and beams rest over
columns and whole load of the structure is transferred to the subsoil below
the ground through columns and their footings.
 Here, walls just act like partitions and none
of them bears load
 R.C.C is the most suitable material to
withstand external loads like compressive
,tensile ,torsion and shear along with
moment, so all framed structures are
constructed with R.C.C .
 Generally all multi stored buildings or high-
rise buildings are constructed as framed
structure.

14. •Flexible and they have
good results in Earthquake.
•Cost reduction due to
thinner walls
•Speed of Construction
•Can add more floors
•Carpet Area is almost
same.
Advantages Disadvantages
•The disadvantages lies in between
different types of frame structure
such as Concrete Structure, Steel
Structure, Wood Structure.

16. COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
• The structure constructed with combination of both load bearing as well
as framed structure is called composite structure.
• In this type of structure external walls
are treated as load bearing walls and
all intermediate supports are in the
form of R.C.C. columns.

17. • Here the load of slabs is transmitted to the subsoil
below the ground by load bearing walls and columns
through foundations
• Composite structures are preferred for buildings
having large spans such as workshops , halls , large
factories shed , go downs etc.
•They been very remarkable for Huge or Tall bulidings
around the world.

18. LOAD
Snow Load
Live Load Snow Load
Rain Load
Wind Load Earthquake Load
Anything which exerts pressure or thrust on a structure is termed as
Load.

19. • It is permanent , immovable and nontransferable load
of structure.
Dead Load
•Walls , floors , roofs, partitions ,
ceilings , water tanks and weights
of all other permanent
constructions or structures and
fixtures are included in dead load.

20. Live Load
• It is movable, temporary and transferable load on
the floor and hence it is variable.
• Weight of everything
superimposed on, or temporarily
attached to, a structure (people,
machinery and equipment,
furniture, appliances, etc.) but Not
that of the material utilized in its
construction or of anything
permanently attached to it.

21. Wind Load
• In case of Tall Buildings, the effect due to wind should be taken into
consideration.
• The effect of wind Pressure is to
reduce the pressure on the foundation
on the Windward side & to increase
the pressure on the foundation on the
Leeward side.
•If height of a building is less than
twice its effective width, the wind load
can be neglected.

22. Snow Load
•Snow loads are prevalent in northern and/or mountainous
regions all over the world.
•It actually acts on Roof. It depends upon
the Shape of the roof & it’s Capacity to
retain the snow.
•Load of Snow maybe taken as 2.5 kg/m^2
per Centimetre depth of Snow.
•It can be neglected if slopes greater than
50 ° angle.

23. •It actually acts on Roofs whose positioning, shape and drainage
system are such that they accumulate rain water.
Rain Load
•Thus, due to accumulation of rain
water, load due to it is called Rain
Load.
•The Rain loads and Live loads for the
Roofs shall be considered separately.

24. Earthquake Load
•The random Earthquake causes shaking of the ground, which causes
the whole structure to vibrate. It can be resolved in any three mutually
perpendicular directions.
•The prominent direction of Ground
vibrations is usually in Horizontal
directions.
•Although, it may get damaged but
would not collapse until earthquake
is of beyond the limit.

25. BUILDING COMPONENTS
A building has two main components:
I. Sub-structure(foundations)
II. Superstructure

26. Sub-structure (foundations)
• It is the lower portion of the building, usually
constructed below the ground level , which transmits
the load of the superstructure to the subsoil
•The basic function of a sub-struture or foundations is
to transit the dead loads , super-imposed loads and
wind loads from a building to the soil on which the
building rests

27. FOUNDATIONS
• The basic function of a foundation is to transmit the dead loads,
live loads and other loads to the sub soil on which it reads in such
a way that settlement of the soil does not fail in shear
• The following are types of foundations , generally
used.
I. Shallow foundations
II. Deep foundations

28. I. Shallow Foundations
• If depth of foundation is equal to or less than its width is called
shallow foundations
• As a general rule , all the shallow foundations should be taken to
a minimum depth of 800mm below natural ground level unless
hard soil is availabe within 800mm
• Shallow foundations are of 4 types
1. Spread footing 3. Strap footings
2. Combined footings 4. Raft or Mat foundations

29. •Spread Footings: They are those which spread the
superimposed load of wall or column over a larger
area
•Spread footings may be the following kinds
1. Single footing for a column
2. Stepped footing for a column
3. Slopped footing (trapezoidal) for a column
4. Wall footing without step
5. Stepped footing for wall
6. Grillage foundation

31. •Combined Footings: A spread footing which supports
two or more columns is termed as combined footing
•The combined footings maybe of following kinds:
I. Rectangular combined footing
II. Trapezoidal combined footing

33. •Strap footing: It consists of two or more footings of
individual columns connected by a beam called a strap

34. •Raft foundation: It is a combined footing which
covers the entire area below whole building or
structure and supports all the walls and columns

35. II. Deep Foundations
• when the depth of foundations is greater or equal to its
width is called deep foundations
• Pile foundations is that type of deep foundation in which the
loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members
which may be of timber , concrete or steel

36. •Piles used for building foundation maybe of four kinds:
a. End bearing pile
b. Friction pile
c. Combined end bearing and friction pile
d. Compaction piles