Definition Type of scaffolding system To familiarize with UAE Legal requirements with respect to Scaffolds To enhance the skill of scaffold erection and inspection. Safe Procedure for erection & dismantling Practical on Scaffold Erection & dismantling Procedure for Scaffold inspection

1. For Erectors/ Inspectors
SCAFFOLD
TRAINING
By M A Khan – HSE DEPARTMENT
May 19, 2009

2. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
OBJECTIVES
To familiarise with UAE Legal
requirements with respect to Scaffolds
To enhance the skill of scaffold
erection and inspection.
Safe Procedure for erection & dismantling
Procedure for Scaffold inspection
Type of scaffolding system
Practical on Scaffold Erection & dismantling

3. WHAT IS SCAFFOLDING?
An elevated, temporary
work platform.
Elevated
Temporary
work platform
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

4. Supported (Independent) Scaffold
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

5. Suspended Scaffold
• Fixed or travelling
• Permanent or temporary
• Manual or powered
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

6. Tower or Mobile Scaffold
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

7. Arial / Mobile Access Scaffold
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

8. Scaffold Erection
Scaffolds can only be
erected, moved,
dismantled or altered
under the supervision
of a competent person
Competent person
selects & directs these
workers and
determines the
feasibility of fall
protection
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

9. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Legal Requirements
DM Chapter No -08

10. Components of
scaffolding
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

11. Components of
Scaffoldings
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

12. 1.Base Plates
Legal Requirement: Scaffold must have base plates even when setting on a concrete floor
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

13. 2.Standards
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

14. 3.Ledgers(transom)
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

15. 4.Wooden Planks
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

16. 5.Toe Board
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

17. 6.Couplers(shovels)
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

18. 7.Universal Jack(pin)
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

19. 8.Bracing(GI Pipe)
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

20. 9.Sole Board
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

21. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Scaffold
Foundations

22. Scaffold Foundations
 There is no base plate & the
scrap plywood is not adequate.
 The scaffold frame could
penetrate the plywood.
 Scaffold legs must be set on
base plates & adequate
mudsills.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
 Mud sills must be sized to
distribute scaffolding loads to
the ground or support
structure.

23. Scaffold Foundations
 The lack of a base plate could
damage the scaffold leg.
 Scaffolds must have base
plates, even when set on a
concrete floor.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

24.  Timber sole plates of at least 25cm
wide and 5 cm thick should be laid for
the support of base plates.
Scaffold Foundations
 The foot or base of any scaffold shall
be placed on an adequate base plate to
prevent displacement or sinking.
Base Plate
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
 Base plates with screw jacks should
always be used so that you will be able
to make levelling adjustments later.
 Plumb, level and square the scaffold
at the base

25.  Scaffolds should never
be set on bricks,
masonry blocks, etc.
 These are not structural
elements and could
crush under the scaffold
load.
Never on Masonry!Scaffold Foundations
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

26. Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

27. Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

28. • Portable ladders used for access to upper landing; side
rails must extend 3 ft (.9 m) above landing
• Use 3-point contact while climbing
and always face the ladder
• Ladders must be secured to
scaffolds to prevent movement
• Damaged ladders should be
removed from service and
tagged “Do Not Use”
• Exercise extreme caution while
getting on/off ladders and
scaffolds
Ladder Safety
Prevents Serious Injury
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Access ladders and its placing

29. MOST COMMON DEFECTS
Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
DAMAGED STILE DAMAGED RUNGS

30. MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

31. MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

32. MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

33. Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Scaffold with interior
ladders for access

34. Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Scaffold with Exterior
ladders for access

35. How to measure ladder angle (75 degree)
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
• Step1: Stand straight
facing the ladder
• Step2: Place your shoes
touching the ladder
shoes.
• Step3: Extend your arm
and hold the both posts.
• If arm is fully extended
and post are gripped then
the angle is around 75
degree.
Access ladders and its placing

36. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Safe usage of LADDER

37. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Scaffold
Platform

38. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Quality of Planks
Check for defects like –
Bow, Twist, Crook and
Cup.
 Bow
 Twist
 Crook
 Cup.
No paint on wood platforms

39. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Placing of Planks
 Place the plank end trough
ledgers but not over the ledger
as per the picture.
 Take help wherever required.
 An overlapping 12’’ shall be
maintained.
 Max gap between planks –
25mm

40. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
 Work platforms must be
tightly planked for the full
width of the scaffold
 Minimum width of work
platform should not be less
than 600 mm (3 planks).
Placing of Planks
 All planks and/or platforms
should always be fastened to
the scaffold as necessary to
prevent uplift or displacement

41. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
 Planks shall extend at least
6“ – 12” beyond their
support.
General Requirements
 All Planking on runs of scaffold
must overlap a minimum of 12
inches.
 Any damaged or weakened
planks must be immediately
removed and replaced.
 No lose materials shall be left
and platforms shall not be
overloaded.

42. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Transom or
Put log

43. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Is anything Wrong here?

44. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Legal Requirement for Transom (or Putlog)
 Maximum spacing for putlogs or transoms when
using boards conforming to BS 2482
Nominal
thickness of
Board
Maximum span of
putlog or transom
32 mm 1.0 Metres
38 mm 1.5 Metres
50 mm 2.6 Metres
63 mm 3.5 Metres

45. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Guard Rails

46. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
The open edge of platforms higher than 2 m shall be provided
with standard guard rails as

47. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Standard Protection guards on scaffold platforms
Not less than 95 cm and
more than 115 cm.
Gaps between top rail and
mid rail shall not be more
than 47 cm
Toe board shall be 150mm

48. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
General Requirements
Install guard rails
along open sides &
ends
Don’t allow work on
platforms with missing
edge protections

49. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
General Requirements
Edge protection of
scaffold platform
must tied with
required clamps –
Never use rope,
binding wires etc.

50. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
General Requirements
Front edge of all
platforms shall not be
more than 35cm from
the face of the work or
Use PFAS
No gaps shall be
left unguarded.

51. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
What is missing here?

52. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Scaffold ties

53. When the height of scaffold exceeds 4
times its width, the scaffold shall be
tied to the fixed building structure,
vertically and horizontally.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

54. The first bottom tie must be
placed no higher than four time
the minimum base width.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
The vertical ties shall be repeated
at intervals not greater than 8m (
26 feet).
The Horizontal ties shall be
placed at each end and at
intervals not greater than 9m (30
feet).

55. 8 m(8 m)

57. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Types of Scaffold ties
This type of tie relies on a tube,
usually placed vertically inside
an opening or window in a
building.
A tube may be wedged or jacked tight
into opposing faces of the window
opening. Timber packing should be thin
(10 mm) to reduce shrinkage and
approximately 75 mm2, and should be
checked frequently for tightness

58. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Types of Scaffold ties
This forms an assembly of tubes
and couplers around columns or
other parts of a building.
A ring of 50-55 mm internal
diameter through which a
scaffold tube could be passed

59. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Scaffold Bracing

60. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Scaffold Bracing
Longitudinal Diagonal
bracing must be
installed at an
approximate 45 degree
angle.
Begin at one end and
clamp it to the outside
of the posts using
swivel clamps. As the
scaffold rises, continue
to interlock bracing end
to end.

61. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Scaffold Bracing
Longitudinal
Diagonal bracing
should be installed on
all four sides.
Plumb the posts
before the diagonals
are secured.

62. Scaffold Height
The height of the scaffold
should not be more than
four times its minimum
base dimension unless
guys, ties, or braces are
used
20’
5’
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
The max height of scaffolds shall
not 38m and in case the need for
higher scaffold the contractor shall
submit a design prepared by
specialized 3rd party company and
shall obtain an approval from
consultant engineer on that design.

63. Methods of
scaffold erection
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

64. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

65. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Supported
(Independent) Scaffold

66. ASSEMBLY OF ONE STAGE
FABRICATED FRAME TYPE SCAFFOLDING
ONE SECTION HIGH FRAME SCAFFOLD
A. ERECTION OF FRAME
TYPE SCAFFOLD
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

67. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
B. ERECTION OF CUP-
LOCK SCAFFOLD
ASSEMBLY OF 1-LEVEL
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
ERECTION OF CUP-LOCK SCAFFOLD

68. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Mobile Scaffolds

69. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

70. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

71. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
The height of the mobile tower
shall not exceed 4 times the
smallest base width of the
scaffold.
It shall be used only on firm,
level, clean surfaces.
It shall be moved on leveled
surfaces only by pushing or
pulling or both.

72. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Scaffold casters and wheels shall be locked with positive wheel
locks before any one is allowed to work on the platform.
These casters shall be
capable of supporting the safe
working load of the scaffold.

73. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
The casters shall be capable
of supporting the safe
working load of the scaffold.

74. No joint
Pin –
threading
rod is
used.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Only approved joint pins shall be used to join the castor
wheel with standard.

75. Ensure no obstructions from Power Lines, I beams
& Cranes
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

76. 1. Make sure that the path is clear, no
material/person on the platform. Then unlock
the wheels to push the scaffold.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

77. 2. Apply the force no more than five feet above the ground.
3. Re-Lock the wheels when move ends / scaffold is stationary
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

78. It is unsafe to move mobile
tower when Worker is on the
top. He must be made aware of
the move
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Do not stay on top, while
rolling tower is being
moved

79. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
No persons, equipment or materials are allowed to be on
the platform during moving it.

80. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Use a ladder (internal staircase) to access to and from the
Mobile scaffold platform.
The opening of ladder access shall
be closed using TRAP door.

81. Ladder is outside… No Ladder…Unsafe Platform
Castor
Wheel is
not locked
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

82. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

83. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
SCAFFTAGS

84. SCAFFTAG
DO NOT
USE
SCAFFOLD
AScafftag Holder must be fitted to all access
points on a scaffold while it is under
construction.
When the message on the Scafftag Holder is
displayed it means:
• the scaffold is under construction; and
• it has not been inspected and is not approved
for use.
Nounauthorised personnel are allowed on a
scaffold while this symbol is shown..
The scaffold must be checked by an
Authorised Inspector to ensure it is safe
and meets the requirements of:
• ABB Safety Standards; and
• Occupational Safety and Health Regulations.
Scafftag Holder
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

85. SCAFFTAG
SCAFFOLD
Erection and Inspection Record
LOCATION
REF NO.
DATE ERECTED
REQUESTED BY
BUILT BY
NAME OF COMPETENT PERSON
SIGNATURE
SCAFFOLD TO BE USED FOR
Light Duty
225 kg
Medium Duty
450 kg
Heavy Duty
675 kg
If the scaffold is safe and meets
Safety Standards the Authorised
Inspector will fill in an “Inspection” tag.
All details on the tag must be completed
to make it valid.
The “Inspection” tag is fitted inside the
Scafftag Holder with the completed green
side facing outwards. This means the scaffold is
safe for use.
A duplicate “Inspection”tag for each
scaffold is kept in the Authorised
Inspector’s office.
The "Inspection Tag"
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

86. On-going inspections
INSPECTION FREQUENCY
BY
COMPETENT PERSON
DATE TIME SIGNED
Comments
Ladder No of Rungs
No of Standards
No of lifts
Sq.m Boarding
Structure Decommissioned
Date
The scaffold must be inspected by an
Authorised Inspector every 7 days.
Inspections are recorded on the reverse
side of the “Inspection” tag which is
yellow.
If the scaffold is in a safe condition the
Authorised Inspector must:
• record the inspection details on the yellow
side of the “Inspection” tag; and
• return the tag into the Scafftag Holder with
the green side facing outwards.
This means the scaffold is safe and can
continue to be used.
If the scaffold is unsafe the “Inspection” tag
must not be returned to the Scafftag Holder
until the faults have been corrected.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

87. Your responsibilities
SCAFFTAG
Erection and Inspection Record
LOCATION
Ref. No
Date Erected
Requested by
Built by
Name of competent person
Signature
Scaffold to be used for
Light Duty
Medium Duty
Heavy Duty
Never work unless you are authorised to do so.
You must work under the supervision of a licensed
scaffolder.
Always check the last inspection date on the “Inspection” tag.
“If the date is longer than 7 days ago, notify your
Authorised Inspector immediately.
Ensure that the Safe Working Load (SWL) of the scaffold
is not exceeded.
If you detect any faults with a scaffold, even if it has a
valid "Inspection Tag", report the problem to the
Authorized Inspector immediately.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

88. Hazard of
Scaffoldings
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

89. • Falls from elevation – caused
by slipping, unsafe access, and
the lack of fall protection
• Struck by falling tools / debris
• Electrocution – from overhead
power lines
• Scaffold collapse - caused by
instability or overloading
• Bad planking giving way
Employees working on scaffolds are
exposed to these hazards:
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

90. • While climbing on or off
the scaffold
• Working on unguarded
scaffold platforms
• When scaffold
platforms or planks fail
Falls may occur:
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

91. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Fall from Fixed Scaffolding

92. Protecting Workers from Falls
• Guardrails, and/or
• Personal Fall Arrest
Systems (PFAS)
If a worker on a scaffold
is exposed to fall hazard
– protect him by
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

93. • Incomplete Guards
• Overloading of scaffolds
Falling of material can occur due to:
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

94. • Improper ties
• Overloading of
scaffolds
• Unsafe foundation
Scaffold can also collapse due to:
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

95. Scaffold collapse
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

96. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
A common Bad Practice

97. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

98. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

99. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

100. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

101. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

102. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

103. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

104. SCAFFOLD TRAINING

105. Examples
Scaffolding Faults
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

106.  No Safety Harness
 No Adequate Wooden
Plank
 No Adequate Transom
 No Wooden Plank
Tighten With
Rope&Wire
 No Toe Board
 Without PPE
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

107. Wooden Plank Not
Adequate
Helmet Missing
Wooden Plank Not
Rightly Placed
Toe Board Missing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

108.  Two Wooden Plank
Missing
 Midrail Missing
 Safety Belt Not
Hooked
 2nd Man Without
Harness
 Wooden Plank Not
Tighten With Rope
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

109. SCAFFOLD
INSPECTION
CHECKLIST
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

110. Check for proper installation of:
 Mudsills, Base Plates, Foundation.
 Posts Plumb
 Posts braced by cross braces,
horizontal, and diagonal as
required
 Platforms fully planked
 Planks secured
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

111.  Planks are scaffold grade lumber or
equivalent manufactured
 Guardrails & Midrails
 Toeboards
 Mesh if material higher than toeboards
 Ladder Access
 Inspected every work shift by competent
person
 Frames secured with pins
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

112.  Height less than 4 times minimum base
 Scaffold tied to structure if higher than
above
 Caster brakes locked before use
 Casters pinned into frame leg
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

113. General Requirements
a) Capacity
b) Scaffold Platform Construction
c) Criteria For Supported Scaffolds
d) Criteria For Suspension Scaffolds
e) Access
f) Use
g) Fall Protection
h) Falling Object Protection
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

114. SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Cradles

115. Suspended Access Cradle
• Fixed or travelling
• Permanent or temporary
• Manual or powered
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

116. Suspended Access Cradle
• Safe access, ideally from ground level
• Adequate guard rails, toe boards and
base
• Equipment fits closely to the building
• Building capable of bearing the loads
• Track end stops provided
• SWL marked
• Secondary safety rope and fall arrest
device provided
• Operating instructions available
• Uniformly loaded and not overloaded
• Rescue plan
SCAFFOLD TRAINING

117. Suspended Access Cradle
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
JUMPING PRACTICE

118. Suspended Access Cradle
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
NOT WEARING REQUIRED PPE

119. Suspended Access Cradle
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
OVERREACHING FROM CRADLE

120. UAE LEGISLATION IN OHS