The document provides an overview of roofs and roof coverings, explaining their purpose and various types, along with roofing terminology. It also outlines the history of roofing materials and techniques, highlighting the evolution from natural resources to modern methods. Additionally, it discusses green roofs, including their components, environmental benefits, and construction process.

1. Roofs and Roof CoveringsRoofs and Roof Coverings

2. roof is the covering on the uppermost
part of a building. A roof protects the
building and its contents from the
effects of weather.
Structures that require roofs range
from a letter box to a cathedral or
stadium, dwellings being the most
numerous.
In most countries a roof protects
primarily against rain. Depending upon
the nature of the building, the roof may
also protect against heat, against
sunlight, against cold and against wind.
What is The Roof ???

3. Roofing Terminology
 Hip
The external angle at the junction of
two sides of a roof whose supporting
walls adjoin.
 Joist
In a flat roof, a horizontal structural
member over which sheathing is
nailed.
 Rafter
A structural member (usually slanted)
to which sheathing is nailed.
• Flashing
Sheet metal or other material used at junctions of different planes on a roof to prevent leakage.
• Gable
The triangular upper part of a wall closing the end of a ridged roof
• Ridge
The horizontal line at the top edge of two sloping roof planes.
• Valley
The less-than 180-degree angle where two sloping roof sections come together

4. Roofing Terminology
……
 Drip
The strip of metal extending out
beyond the eaves or rakes to prevent
rainwater from rolling around the
shingles back onto the wooden
portion of the house.
 Fascia
Trim board behind the gutter and
eaves.
 Shingle Flashing
Flashing that is laid in strips under
each shingle and bent up the edge of a
chimney or wall
• Underlayment
The material (usually roofing felt) laid on top of sheathing before shingles are applied.
• Soffit
The boards that enclose the underside of that portion of the roof which extends out beyond
the sidewalls of the house.

5. •The history of roofing has come an extremely long
way. Man has utilized various natural resources
throughout history to create the environmentally
safe, effective roofing of today. From wood, mud
and straw, to tiling, shingles and beyond.
• As one can imagine, a roof can only be as good as
the materials readily available, so every civilization
had varying methods, tools, and materials for
creating their respective roofs.
The roof of Pantheon doom
damp clay and earth on the
roof of Greek temple
•Although most of the growth within the roofing
industry has been within the last 200 years, the
complete history of roofing starts much earlier than
that.
•The Greeks and Romans were the first to
experiment with differing roofing styles. The Romans
introduced slating and tiling to Great Britain as early
as 100 BC.
•Thatch roofs were introduced and implemented
around the year 735 AD and it wouldn’t be for
another 300 years until wooden shingles were first
implemented as well.
Brief History of Roofing

6. until the 12th century that the history of roofing was
changed under King John, when he issued a law in
London that citizens had to replace their thatch and
reed roof-coverings and replace them with clay tiles.
Dreadnought clay tiles began production in 1805
and industrial roofing at that time had little
insulation but a good slope for rainwater and other
debris. One hundred year after that, concrete tile
roofing was first utilized.
Brief History of Roofing…..
While the history of roofing began to evolve
In the southern parts of the United States, wood
and metal were more widely used.
Even to this day, roofing styles are still based around
wood and metal, It is hard to predict the future of
the roofing industry and what technology can shape
for the future, but for certain, the history of roofing
has evolved and will continue to evolve forever.

7. Roof Types
1. Flat
2. Shed
3. Gable
4. Hip
5. Dutch Hip
6. Gambrel
7. Mansard
8. Butterfly
9. Dome

8. FlatFlat
A flat roof is not truly flat but
angled slightly to allow for water
runoff. It is the cheapest to build
initially but will cost you much
more than other roof types in
maintenance costs.

9. Shed
A shed roof is basically a flat
roof with a slightly greater angle
allowing for greater runoff. They
are relatively easy to build and
inexpensive as compared to most
other roof types. They are usually
used on home extension rooms
and porches

10. Gable
Dormers are room
construction extensions
from the roof structure.
They usually have windows
or doors on the front wall
structure. Dormers are
often used in 1 ½ story
construction to provide
light and ventilation to the
upper story.
A gable roof consists of two
shed roof structures joined at the
peak forming a ridge line.
Gable Dormers

11. Hip
A hip roof is a gable roof with
angled ends taking the place of the
gable end of the structure.

12. Dutch Hip
A Dutch roof design is a hip roof
with small gable ends at the ridge
allowing for attic ventilation

13. GambrelGambrel
Gambrel roof design is similar to
gable construction With two angles
on each side. Steep lower surfaces
and shallow angle top surfaces allow
greater floor space in 1 ½ story
construction

14. MansardMansard
Mansard roof construction
consists of a compound hip
roof design with a lower and
upper hip format.

15. ButterflyButterfly
The butterfly roof is an inverted
gable roof design creating a central
valley for runoff. The design is visually
stunning but impractical for water
tightness.

16. DomeDome
Dome construction is one of the most
difficult to build but is often the most
interesting visually
Geodesic roof construction
consists of triangular framing
placed together to form a dome.
These structures have surprising
strength and visual interest.
GeodesicGeodesic

17. Types of roof structureTypes of roof structure
Flat roof
Pitch roof
Space frame
Roof shell
Folded plate
Tensile structure

18. Pitched Roof
 pitched roof is a roof structure where
the roof leans to one side of the house.
It is also known as lean-to roof.
The rafters are connected to the
highest wall and then it is inclined to a
lower wall, which then forms the
pitched roof.
 The rafters are often connected into
the wall individually or even supported
on a wall plate bedded within the wall.
 This type of roof can have no joist at all
or have a tie or have a joist with
a strut to give more strength.

19. column
wall
columns
walls
A mono-pitched roof structure
A lean-to roof structure
A pitched roof
Pitched Roof Types

20. column
wall
flashing
openings
SUNSHADING
flashing
The Components

21. Roof Framing Plan

22. Terminology

23. Roof Terms
PITCHED ROOF
TIM
BER
OR
STEEL
RAFTER
Waterproofing
layer and
insulation
Timber batten
Finishes:
Clay tiles or
Cement tiles
Metal decking
Ceiling

24. Calculating Pitch
 Roof with a pitch of 3:12 (25 percent) or greater called Steep
roof

25. PITCHED ROOF:TIMBER - truss
STEEL - truss
Truss built as from
individual members
Truss fabricated from factory
Truss fabricated from factory
Whole roof structure built from
steel
Gang nails
steel

26. rivetted
Placement of roof clay tiles as seen from below

27. ROOF FINISHES
ATTAP
CLAY ROOF TILES
PATTERNED CLAY ROOF
TILES

28. PATTERNED STEEL
DECKING 1
PATTERNED STEEL
DECKING 2
ASBESTOS

29. A space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure
constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames usually
utilize a multidirectional span, and are often used to accomplish long spans with
few supports. They derive their strength from the inherent rigidity of the triangular
frame; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and
compression loads along the length of each strut.
3. Space frame

30. 4.Dome4.Dome
A dome is a structural element
of architecture that resembles the hollow
upper half of a sphere. Dome structures
made of various materials have a long
architectural lineage extending into
prehistory.

31. A thin shell is defined as a shell with a
thickness which is small compared to its other
dimensions and in which deformations are not
large compared to thickness. A primary
difference between a shell structure and a plate
structure is that, in the unstressed state, the
shell structure has curvature as opposed to
plates structures which are flat
4. ROOF SHELL

32. Its an roof which has been
moulded to an shape. which is in
rcc, steel etc.its for large covering
for open spaces
5. FOLDED PLATE ROOF5. FOLDED PLATE ROOF

33. A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying
only tension and no compression or bending. The term tensile should
not be confused with tensegrity, which is a structural form with both
tension and compression elements.
6.Tensile structure

34. The CribPost SystemThe CribPost System
Main FeaturesMain Features
 CribPosts can be extended to any desired elevation.
 CribPosts can be clustered to obtain higher lifting
capacities.
 The roof is monitored by laser instruments to
maintain close tolerances.
 Lateral stability is maintained and adjusted through
ROOFLIFTERS’ unique guying system.
 The entire roof can be lifted in a single section using
ROOFLIFTERS’ multi-point synchronization system.
34
The CribPost System is best described as a series of
temporary hydraulic shoring posts that can be
continuously extended with the intent to lift a roof to a
higher elevation.

35. Green Roofs Look
Something
Like This

36. What Are Green Roofs?
 A green roof is a roof of
a building that is partially or
completely covered with
vegetation and soil, or a growing
medium, planted over a
waterproofing membrane.
 It may also include additional
layers such as a root barrier and
drainage and irrigation systems.
 also known as vegetated roof
covers, eco-roofs or nature roofs.
water quality by filtering,
absorbing or detaining
rainfall. Green Roofs Are Great
for These Things ,great for the
environment.
On the green roof of the Mountain Equipment
Co-op store in Toronto, Canada.

37. Green Roof Types
Green Roofs
Rooftop GardenRooftop Garden
Edge RestraintEdge Restraint
RooftopRooftop
GardenGarden
AnchorAnchor
RoofRoof
SystemSystem
ComponentsComponents

38. Rooftop Garden Edge
Restraint
 A rooftop garden edge restraint that supports green roof
media while allowing water to drain cleanly under paver
systems on pedestal / tabs where no internal drains are
present and allows water to scupper while holding back
media / aggregate while serving as an independent
border.

39. Roof Top Garden Anchor
 Rooftop anchors provide an efficient and economical way to
secure blanket components. While conventional ties require
the patience and manual dexterity of laborers, the innovation
of the GRS Rooftop Anchor greatly improves effectiveness
when installing rooftop mats.

40. Roof System Components
 Filter fabric, moisture retention mats, root barriers, drainage
components, inspection chambers, separation fabric,
media, wind erosion blankets, plants, and bio-trays. Green
Roof Solutions has all of your rooftop garden and green
roof systems components.

41. Green Roof Case Study
Negotiated with the building owner to
retrofit section of roof.
Roof needed to be replaced.
Environmental benefits – stormwater
mitigation, building insulation, urban
heat island mitigation, and aesthetic
improvement.
Conducted structural engineering
analysis to make sure building structure
could hold weight of saturated soil.
The existing ballasted roof (stone) was
about the same weight as the green
roof.
Planted with six types of sedum.

42. 1.Insulation Layer
Reused
styrofoam
insulation
that was on
roof.

43. 2.Water Barrier
 Water Barrier is most
important part of the roof,
and is installed the same
way as for a standard roof.
No Leaks!
3.Waterproof Testing
 After waterproofing
store 2 inches of water on
the roof for 48 hours to
test barrier.

44. 4.Root Barrier
 Root barrier is thick plastic,
and prevents roots from
penetrating the waterproof
layer.
5.Water Retention
 Root barrier sealing and
water retention layer. Water
retention layer stores water in
small “cups” for use by plants
after rain event.

45. 6.Soil Placement
 Install filter fabric
beneath soil, so not to
clog water retention
layer. Specially
engineered, highly
inorganic soil (very
little humus) with high
water absorption
capacity.

46. 7. Soil Layer
Spread soil to consist
depth – 3 inches.
8.Wind barrier
Cover soil with photo-degradable wind
barrier to prevent wind erosion.

47. 9.Planting the Roof
 Plant through the
wind barrier with
sedums, low-lying,
hardy, water-
retaining plants that
thrive in harsh
environments.
 Select several
varieties based on
blooming, color, etc.

48. Planting Complete
October 2003
One year after planting
September 2004
Green Roof
May 2005