Scaffolding is a process major in construction techniques . building construction material and technology

1. SCAFFOLDING
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLAGE OF ARCHITECTURE

2. • When the height above floor level is
exceeds about 1.50 m a temporary
structure, is erected close to the work to
provide a safe working platform for the
workers and to provide a limited space
for the storage of plant and building
materials. The temporary framework is
known as a scaffolding
• It is also called staging.
• scaffolds are battens used for constructing
the temporary structures.
• It can be made up of wood, bamboo & also
steel.
SCAFFOLDING
• Such scaffolding is also needed for the repairs or even demolition of
a building.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

3. FUNCTIONS OF SCAFFOLDING
• As a working platform.
- so that the worker can stand on the
platform and do the work easily.
• As a platform for placing material and
logistic needed by the worker to carry
out their work.
• As a platform and walking passage
- scaffolding support the platform that
has been used by the worker as their walking as their path to transport
the material and logistic.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

4. POINTS TO CONSIDER
The following are the factors that are to be
considered when the scaffolding are used.
a) Material chosen should be easy to install and
erect.
b) It should be strong enough to carry the load
and another thing to be considered is people
surrounding.
c) Light material like aluminum , bamboo , etc
should be used.
d) Passage should be introduced for the workers
and should be linked.
e) Entry and exit from the work area must be
considered.
f) Minimum sloping surface on the scaffolding.
Break down can directly
lead to death of
surrounding or workers
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

5. LOAD ON SCAFFOLDS
1. Live Load
- The weight of people
- The weight of materials and debris
- The weight of tools and equipment
2. Dead Load
- The self-weight of the scaffold
structure.
- working components like stairways,
ladders, screens, sheeting, platform
brackets, suspension ropes, secondary
ropes, traversing ropes, tie assemblies,
scaffolding hoists or electrical cables.
3. Environmental loads
- The effects of wind and rain
Dead load
Live load
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

6. COMPONENTS
• Standards: are the vertical members
of the frame-work, supported on the
ground or embedded into the ground.
• Ledgers: are the horizontal members,
running parallel to the wall.
• Braces: are diagonal members fixed
on standards.
• Putlogs: are transverse members,
placed at right angles to the wall with
one end supported on ledgers & other
end on the wall.
• Transoms: are those putlogs whose both ends are supported on
ledgers.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

7. •Bridle: a member used to bridge a
wall opening; supports one end of
putlog at the opening.
•Boarding: are horizontal platform
to support workmen & material; these
are supported on the putlogs.
•Guard rail: this is a rail, provided
like a ledger, at the working level.
•Toe board: these are the boards,
placed parallel to ledgers, & are
supported on putlogs, to give
protection at the level of working
platform.
COMPONENTS
•Various components or members are secured by means of rope,
nails bolts, etc.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

8. BOARDING
STANDARDS
(LEDGERS)
COMPONENTS
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

9. 1. Bedding of standards :if standards are not resting on the firm
ground, the base-plates of suitable size should be provided at
their bottom ends. Further , if required, a timber sole plate may
be provided on which all the base-plates rest.
2. Loading: the scaffolding should never be loaded heavily mainly
because it is a temporary structure and in case of single
scaffolding, one of the ends of putlogs rests on the green
surface of the masonry.
3. Tying-in scaffold: it is necessary to tie back the scaffolding with
the building at suitable levels. This can be achieved in different
ways:
I. A vertical or horizontal tube, wedged by means of a reveal pin
, may be provided in an opening and of the ends of the
putlogs may be coupled with this tubs.
POINTS TO BE ATTENDED TO IN
SCAFFOLDING
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

10. II. A tube may be provided across the opening inside the wall and
one of the ends of the putlogs may be coupled with this tubs.
III. The rakers , strutting from the ground level, may be provided.
4. Raising :as the work proceeds, the standards are suitably
lengthened and fresh ledgers and putlogs are inserted. The
working platforms are then shifted to new levels.
5. Finishing : after the scaffolding is removed, the holes of putlogs
in the wall should be immediately filled up.
6. Spacing of standards : the loading on the scaffolding decides the
spacing of standards. It is less for heavy loading and more for
light loading . The maximum pacing is about 3m.
7. Miscellaneous structures : the scaffolding of special types
should be built for miscellaneous structures such as chimneys ,
towers , domes , etc.
POINTS TO BE ATTENDED TO IN
SCAFFOLDING
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

11. TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
3.Cantilever or needle scaffolding
4.Suspended scaffolding
5.Trestle scaffolding
6.Steel scaffolding
7.Patented scaffolding
1. Single or bricklayer scaffolding
2. Double or mason scaffolding
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

12. • This is the most common type
of scaffolding and is widely
used in the construction of
brickwork.
• It consists of a single row of
standards placed at a distance
of about 1.20 m from the wall.
• The distance between the
successive standards is about 2
m to 2.50 m.
• The ledgers are then fixed to
the standards at a vertical dist.
of about 1.20 m to 1.50 m.
SINGLE SCAFFOLDING
• Single scaffolding
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

13. • The braces, guard rail and
toe board are fixed .
• This type is also
sometimes known as the
putlog scaffolding.
• The putlogs, with one end on the
ledgers and the other end on the wall,
are then placed at a horizontal distance
of about 1.20 m to 1.50 m.
SINGLE SCAFFOLDING
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

14. • This scaffolding is stronger than
the single scaffolding and it is
used in the construction of
stonework because it is difficult
to provide hole for the putlog.
• The framework is similar to the
single scaffolding except that
two row of standards are
provided.
• The distance between the face
of the wall and the first row of
standards is about 20 cm to 30
cm and the distance between
the two rows is about 1 m.
DOUBLE SCAFFOLDINGINTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

15. •The rakers and cross braces
may be provided to make the
scaffolding more strong .
•This type is also sometimes
known as an independent
scaffolding.
DOUBLE SCAFFOLDINGINTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

16. NO. SINGLE SCAFFOLDING DOUBLE SCAFFOLDING
1) SINGLE FRAME WORK TWO FRAME WORK
2) BRACES ( DIAGONAL
SUPPORTIVE MEMBER) IS USED
TRACES (EXTERNAL
SUPPORTIVE) MEMBERS IS
USED
3) ONE END OF THE PUTLOG IS N
WALL AND OTHER IS ON
LEDGERS
BOTH THE ENDS ARE ON
LEDGERS
4) USED WHEN THE MASONARY IS
OF BRICK OR MUD
USED WHEN THE MASONARY
IS OF STONE
5)
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

17. CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDING
•These type of scaffolding is used in following
circumstances.
a) It is used when ground is weak to
support standards.
b) construction of upper part of the wall is
to be carried out
.
c) it is required to keep ground clean , free
from traffic.
•The scaffolding may be single type
(putlog scaffolding) or double type
(independent scaffolding).
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

18. •In the first type, the standards are
supported on series of needles taken out
through opening or through holes in the
wall.
CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDING
•In the second type, the needles or
projecting beams are strutted inside
the floors, through the openings.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

19. SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDING
•This is a light weight scaffolding used
for repair works such as painting, etc.
•The working platform is suspended
from roofs by means of wire ropes or
chains, etc.
•The platform can be raised or lowered
at any desired point.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

20. • Such scaffolding is used for
painting and repair works
which is upto a height of
5m
.
TRESTLE SCAFFOLDING
• The working platform is supported
on the top of movable contrivances
such as tripod , ladder etc mounted
on wheels.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

21. STEEL SCAFFOLDING
•It is practically similar to timber
scaffolding except that wooden
members are replaced by steel tubes &
rope lashings are replaced by steel
couplets or fittings.
•Such a scaffolding can be erected &
dismantled rapidly.
•It has greater strength, greater
durability & higher fire resistance.
•Though its initial value is more but
salvage value is higher.
•Is extensively used these days.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

22. STEEL SCAFFOLDING
Single steel scaffolding
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

23. STEEL SCAFFOLDING
Double steel scaffolding
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

24. STEEL JOINTSINTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

25. NO STEEL SCAFFOLDING TIMBER SCAFOLDING
1) EASY TO WORK WITH COMPARITEVILY DIFFICULT
2) JOINED BY STEEL COUPLETS AND
FITTING
JOINED BT ROPE LACE
3) HEIGH STRENGTH AND
DURABILITY
LOW STRENGTH AND DURABILITY
4) FIRE RESISTANCE EASILT CATCH FIRE
5) HIGH INITIAL COST LOW INITIAL COST
6) HIGH SALVAGE VALUE LOW SALVAGE VALUE
7)
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

26. OVER VIEW
DEFINATION:- A temporary structure from which persons can gain
to a place in order to carry out building operation.
FUNCTION:- basically it provides a platform to the workers where
they can work and put their stuff.
COMPONENT
BOARDING
STANDARDS
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

27. OVER VIEW
Double or
mansons
scaffolding
Patented
scaffolding
Steel
scaffolding
Suspended
scaffolding
Cantilever
or needle
scaffolding
TYPES
Single or brick-
layer scaffolding
Trestle
scaffolding
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

28. UNDERPINNING
• The placing of new foundation below an existing
foundation or the process of strengthening the existing
foundation is known as the underpinning of foundations.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

29. THE SITUATION FOR
UNDERPINNING
1. A building with deep foundations is to constructed
adjoining to an existing building.
2. The settlement of existing foundation has taken place ,
resulting in serious cracks in the wall.
3. The basement is to be provided to an existing building.
4. The existing foundations are to be deepened so as to rest
them on a soil of higher bearing power.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED

30. POINTS TO CONSIDER
• Examination of structure : The
structure should be carefully
examined before underpinning is
commenced and poor masonry
work should be suitable rectified.
• Repairs : It is necessary to carry
out urgent repairs such as
geounding of cracks, insertion of
tie rods between walls , ect. Before
commencing underpinning.
• Checking arrangement : The levels
may be marked on the structure
and the movement of structure
during underpinning should be
checked and recorded.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED
• Shoring and strutting : The necessary shoring and
strutting should be provided to the structure to make it
safe for carrying out the process of underpinning.

31. 6. Bearing plate : when
R.S. Joist is used as
needle , the bearing plate
is provided to avoid the
crushing of masonry.
INTRO
FUNCTION
PRECATION
LOAD
COMPONENT
SINGLE
DOUBLE
CANTILEVER
SUSPENDED
TRESTLE
STEEL
PATENTED
POINTS TO CONSIDER
5. Expensive operation : the
process of underpinning is an art
rather than a science. Due to
advance made in the science of
soil mechanics, much guess-
work in underpinning is
eliminated. But still it remains an
expensive operation.