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1. RETAININGWALLS
PRESENTEDBY
AGLAIA

2. Introduction
• A retaining wall is a structure that retains (holds back) any
material (usually earth) and prevents it from sliding or
eroding away.
• It is designed so that to resist the material pressure of the
material that it is holding back.

3. Basic Anatomy of a Retaining Wall
• Drainage stone: Keeps water from collecting behind the
wall
•Filter fabric: Prevents soil from clogging drainage stone
•Batter: The backward lean into the earth, about 1 inch for
every 1 foot of wall height
•Weep hole: Spaced every 6 to 8 feet, it lets water drain
through the wall base
•Footing: Reinforced concrete supports the wall
•Footing drain: Carries away water

5. Materials used for the construction of retaining walls
Timbers
•These walls need only a basic crushed stone footing and T-
shaped timber dead men to anchor them.
•Pressure-treated pine and fir that are rated for ground contact
should survive 40 years; western red cedar or redwood lasts
about 20.

6. Masonry
•With sufficient drainage, stone, brick, or concrete-block walls
are strong and long lasting.
•Mortared walls rest on a rebar-reinforced concrete footing set
below the frost line and require weep holes to relieve soil
pressure.
•Mortar-free dry-stacked stone walls
need only a crushed-stone footing.

7.  Poured Concrete
•The strongest and most durable choice, it can be stamped,
stained, veneered, or carved to look like mortared stone.
•Like mortared masonry, these walls are supported by a reinforced
concrete footing and require weep holes.
•This is the only wall type that isn't battered (leaned back) against
the earth.

8. Interlocking Concrete Blocks
•because of their light weight, flat sides, and the foolproof way they fit
together without mortar.
• These blocks, sold at stone yards and home centers, have a rough
face for a quarried look and come in a variety of gray, tan, and red hues.
• Like timber and dry-stacked stone walls, they rest on a crushed-stone
footing.
• Heavy-duty mesh anchors every other course
against the ground.

9. Types of Retaining Walls
 Gravity retaining Walls
 Semi-Gravity retaining Walls
 Cantilever retaining wall
 Counter-fort retaining wall
 Sheet pile retaining wall
 Anchored retaining walls
 Pile retaining wall
 Brick retaining walls
 Rail road retaining walls

10. Gravity Retaining Walls
• It is that type of retaining wall that relies on their huge
weight to retain the material behind it and achieve stability
against failures.
• They can be constructed from concrete, stone or even
brick masonry.
• They are much thicker in section.
• Geometry of these walls also help them to maintain the
stability.
• Mass concrete walls are suitable for retained heights of up
to 3 m.

11. • The cross section shape of the wall is affected by stability,
the use of space in front of the wall, the required wall
appearance and the method of construction.

12. Semi-Gravity Retaining Walls
• A specialized form of gravity walls is a semi-gravity retaining
wall.
• These have some tension reinforcing steel included so as to
minimize the thickness of the wall without requiring extensive
reinforcement.
• They are a blend of the gravity wall and the cantilever wall
designs.

13. Cantilever retaining wall
• Cantilever retaining walls are constructed of reinforced
concrete.
• They consist of a relatively thin stem and a base slab.
• The base is also divided into two parts, the heel and toe. The
heel is the part of the base under the backfill. The toe is the
other part of the base.
• Use much less concrete than monolithic gravity walls, but
require more design and careful construction.
• Generally economical up to about 25 ft. in height.
• Can be precast in a factory or formed on site.

15. Counter-fort retaining wall
• They are similar to cantilever walls except they have thin
vertical concrete webs at regular intervals along the backside
of the wall. These webs are known as counter forts.
• The counter forts tie the slab and base together, and the
purpose of them is to reduce the shear forces and bending
moments imposed on the wall by the soil.
• A secondary effect is to increase the weight of the wall from
the added concrete.
• Can be precast or formed on site.
• They are more economical for heights above 25 ft.

17. Sheet Pile Walls
• Steel sheet pile walls are constructed by driving steel
sheets into a slope or excavation up to the required depth.
• Their most common use is within temporary deep
excavations.
• They are considered to be most economical where
retention of higher earth pressures of soft soils is required.
• It cannot resist very high pressure.

18. Anchored retaining walls
• For walls, deep cable rods or wires are driven deep
sideways into the earth, then the ends are filled
with concrete to provide an “anchor”.
• These are also known as tiebacks.
• They work when a thinner retaining wall is needed or space
is limited to install other types of retaining walls.
• They are very effective for loose soils over solid rocks.
• They are usually employed in lots of highways construction
departments where they use them to keep rocks from falling
on the roads by accidents.

20. Pile retaining wall
• In this type of retaining wall, piles are driven so deep into the
earth that the top force which usually tries to push the wall
over, is held back.
• It uses counter force to negate the top force and keep it
from tipping over.
• This wall is used in temporary or permanent works as the
piled walls provide high stiffness retaining elements which
afford large excavation depths with almost no disturbance to
surrounding structures or properties

22. Brick Retaining Walls
• Brick retaining walls are also commonly employed on
hillside properties for low walls or planter walls.
• They are made with lack of steel reinforcement and
usually are not provided with a proper foundation.
• It has mortar bonding in between blocks providing some
added strength over simple gravity walls.
• Surface and subsurface drainage control devices are also
not usually provided efficiently for brick walls.
• Water pressure behind this is a common source of distress
and/or failure of brick walls.
• They are also not permitted under the current building
codes in Los Angeles.

24. Railroad tie retaining walls
• Another commonly employed method of retaining soil or
slopes is the use of railroad ties.
• When used as planter walls and not supporting structures,
slopes or neighboring properties, the risk involved with
maintaining wood railroad tie planter walls is relatively low.
• Railroad tie planter walls tend to last longer and perform
better than other wood retaining devices due to the
thickness of the ties.

26. Thank you !!
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