The Scientific Revolution overturned ideas about the universe that had been accepted since ancient times. Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was at the center of the universe, which was confirmed by Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Galileo's astronomical observations with the telescope. Newton then defined the laws of motion and universal law of gravitation, explaining planetary orbits around the Sun. In medicine, Vesalius, Harvey, and others presented careful observations that disagreed with Galen's anatomical works, while Boyle and Lavoisier contributed to developments in chemistry. The Scientific Method of making systematic observations and using inductive reasoning to form general conclusions was developed.

1. Revolution & Enlightenment

2. 10.1A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION “ Natural Philosophers” – medieval scientists For knowledge relied on – ancient authorities Esp – Aristotle Ren Humanists – mastered Greek & Latin Access to – Ptolemy’s work Showed some – thinkers disagreed w/ Aristotle & other Med. auth. Ptolemaic System c. 150 AD

3. New Inventions – telescope & microscope Printing Press – helped spread new ideas quickly Mathematicians believed – secrets of nature were found in math Sci Rev aka – Age of Reason

4. Revolution in Astronomy Rev in Astronomy – overturned ideas about universe Ptolemy greatest – astronomer of antiquity Ptolemaic system, called – geocentric b/c – it places Earth at center of the universe Universe is – series of concentric spheres one inside the other Earth – is fixed (motionless) At – center Beyond spheres – was Heaven where God & saved souls resided

5. Nicolas Copernicus felt – geocentric system was too complicated Believed – heliocentric Sun – not Earth was at the center of the universe Planets – revolved around the Sun Moon – revolved around the Earth Problems?

6. Johannes Kepler – German mathematician Arrived at – his law of planetary motion Confirmed – that the Sun was at the center Orbits were – elliptical (egg-shaped) Sun – towards end of ellipse instead of at the center Known as – Kepler’s First Law

7. Galileo Galilei – Italian scientist Used – a telescope Discovered – mountains on the Moon, Jupiter’s 4 moons, & sunspots Appeared planets – made of material substance like Earth Church ordered – Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea Copernican system – threatened the Church’s Seemed to – contradict the Bible By 1630s & 40s – most astronomers had come to accept heliocentric

8. Isaac Newton Defined – 3 laws of motion Universal law of gravitation – explains why planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun States every – object is attracted to other objects by gravity Fact or Fiction?

9. 10-1 B Medicine & Chemistry Medicine & Chemistry- information based on Galen’s work w/ animals anatomy Andreas Vesalius – discussed findings from dissecting human bodies – On the Fabric of the Human Body Presented – careful & accurate of individual organs & body Wm Harvey showed – heart (not liver) was the beginning point for circulation of blood – On the Motion of the Heart and Blood Also proved – same blood flows in both veins and arteries Showed – blood makes a complete circuit through body

10. Andreas Vesalius On the Fabric of the Human Body … he offered detailed instructions (including a list of tools) that a student could use to perform their own dissections and “arrive at an independent conclusion” from either himself or Galenic dogma. http://primatediaries.blogspot

11. Robert Boyle- Boyle’s Law - properties of gas Antoine Lavoisier – invented a system of naming chemical elements

12. Women in Science Margaret Cavendish – female scientist Wrote – Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy Critical of – belief that humans through science were the masters of nature In Ger, women in sci – were astronomers Trained by – their fathers or husbands Maria Winkelmann – German female astronomer Discovered – a coment Applied for – postions as assistant astronomer at Berlin Academy but denied b/c female – were suppose to take care of the home Globular cluster M5

13. Rene Descartes French philosopher Wrote about – doubt, uncertainty & confusion of 17th C Beyond doubt – his own existence Emphasized – the importance of his own mind 1st principle – “I think, therefore I am” Separation of – mind & matter (mind & body) Father of – modern rationalism (reason is the chief source of knowledge)

14. Scientific Method – systematic procedure for collecting & analyzing evidence Crucial to – the evolution (change) of science in the modern world Dev by – English philosopher Francis Bacon Believed should use – inductive reasoning to learn about nature Proceed from – particular to the general