8 1b 2
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1. The Ottoman Empire was formed in the late medieval period by conquerors who unified under firearms and was led by a hereditary sultan. 2. Ottoman society was divided into social classes and religiously tolerant, though non-Muslims paid additional taxes. The empire began losing territory in the late 1600s due to financial problems and corruption. 3. The Safavid dynasty rose to power in the early 1500s in Persia and surrounding areas, establishing Shi'ite Islam as the dominant religion and creating a golden age of architecture, art, and culture under the rule of Shah Abbas in the late 1500s-early 1600s.
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The Ottoman Empire
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Decline of the ottoman empire
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Ottomans & Safavids (2018)
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The Ottoman Empire was founded in the 1300s by Osman I, who captured Byzantine forts. It expanded under subsequent sultans until Tamerlane halted its growth by defeating the Ottoman sultan Bayezid. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople for the Ottomans in 1453, establishing their control over the Bosporus Strait. Selim I expanded the empire further by conquering Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. Suleiman I presided over the Ottoman Empire at its height during the 1500s, though its power declined after several ineffective sultans. A major naval defeat by a Christian alliance at the 1571 Battle of Lepanto marked the end of Ottoman dominance in the Mediterranean.
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The Early Ottoman Empire began in the 13th century led by Osman I who took control of the Bosporus and Dardanelle straits and established an elite military guard called the Janissaries. In the 15th century, Mehmet II conquered Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul and made it the capital. In the 16th century, Suleiman the Magnificent expanded the empire significantly through his military campaigns and patronage of the arts. The Ottoman Empire reached its peak but then experienced a period of decline in the 17th century due to overexpansion, corruption, and loss of military advantage against European powers.
Ottoman Empire
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The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire rose to power in the 14th century under Osman I and grew to control vast territories across the Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa by the 15th-16th centuries. It reached its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent, controlling most of Southeast Europe. However, the empire began a slow decline in the 17th-18th centuries due to economic problems, weaker central control, and less effective Sultans. By the early 20th century, the Ottoman Empire had collapsed with the formation of modern Turkey in 1922.
Ottoman empire
The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 by Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. It grew to be a powerful Sunni Islamic empire and caliphate under rulers like Murad I, Mehmed II, and Suleiman the Magnificent. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, establishing Istanbul as the new capital and center of the Islamic world. In the 16th century, Suleiman expanded the empire significantly through his military campaigns in Europe and Asia. However, the empire began a slow decline in the late 16th century as its institutions and military failed to modernize. By the 19th century, the empire was weakened and faced defeats and invasions.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire ruled over three continents for 623 years, beginning in 1299 after Osman Bey conquered many Anatolian principalities. The Empire came to exist when Mehmet the Conqueror took Istanbul in 1453, connecting Asia and Europe and ending the Middle Ages. It then expanded into North Africa and as far as Vienna under later sultans. The Ottoman Empire constructed monuments across its lands and tolerated diverse religious and ethnic groups.
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1) The Ottomans expanded from Anatolia into the Balkans and Middle East, taking Constantinople in 1453. However, military defeats and a shift in trade routes led to decline after the 1600s.
2) The Safavids made Iran Shiite and challenged the Ottomans, reaching their height under Abbas I in the late 1500s. But internal conflicts and foreign threats weakened them thereafter.
3) The Mughals conquered northern India in the 1500s under Babur and Akbar, building a powerful empire and tolerant culture. However, Aurangzeb
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Muslim empires
The Ottoman Empire expanded greatly between 1453 and 1757 CE, conquering large areas of Western Asia, North Africa, and parts of Europe under sultans like Mehmet II and Suleiman I. The Safavid dynasty ruled Persia starting in the 16th century as strict Shiite Muslims, reaching their height under Shah Abbas, while the Mughal Empire was established in Northern India by Babur and expanded all of India by Akbar's rule, creating a period of cultural and economic flourishing, though all three empires began experiencing decline by the 1700s.
Ottomon empire
The Ottoman Empire ruled a large portion of the Middle East and Eastern Europe for over 600 years, beginning in 1299. In 1453, Mehmet II captured Constantinople, establishing Istanbul as the new capital and greatly expanding Ottoman power. However, over time the empire began to decline due to factors such as weak sultans, corruption, and loss of territory to European powers. By the late 1600s the once powerful empire had ceased expanding and faced economic challenges, leading to its eventual dissolution in 1923 with the founding of the modern Republic of Turkey.
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The Safavid Empire was an Iranian empire established in the 16th century by Shah Ismail I, who united Iran and established Twelver Shi'ism as the official religion. Key aspects included its nomadic Turkic origins, Ismail declaring himself the incarnation of God to his followers, and making Isfahan the capital. The empire differed from the Ottoman Empire in its adoption of the Persian language and culture as well as its Shi'ite faith. It declined in the 18th century due to financial troubles, weak rulers, and invasion by the Sunni Afghan Hotaki dynasty.
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Aidarbek Chalbaev from International Relations Department of International Ataturk Alatoo University is talking about the Ottoman Empire .Subject: Turkey in World Politics Lecturer: Dr. Ibrahim Koncak
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Throughout the classifications of government, government by one person exists, and monarchy is a prime example that predates its conception since ancient times.
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The Ottoman Empire experienced a long decline due to both internal and external factors. Internally, the empire had an oversized and inefficient bureaucracy, inept rulers, a traditional economy that rejected new technologies, and oppression of religious minorities. Externally, new trade routes weakened the Ottoman economy, European powers developed militarily and economically, and subject nationalities sought independence. Reform efforts were often blocked by conservatives and failed to sufficiently modernize the empire's institutions. This decline earned the Ottomans the name "The Sick Man of Europe".
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The document summarizes the decline of the Ottoman Empire over three centuries. It cites dynastic decline as incompetent rulers like Selim the Sot and Ibrahim the Crazy took power. Religious conservatism also increased as clerics opposed non-Islamic influences. Economic problems grew from the expense of administration and military and an inability to finance institutions without conquering new lands. The Ottoman military also fell behind Europeans due to a lack of technological advancement and reliance on outdated foreign weapons.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire lasted from 1280 to 1918 and was once the largest empire in the world. It was led by sultans and was a center of trade between Europe and Asia. The empire grew powerful under leaders like Mehmet II and Suleyman the Magnificent, controlling trade routes and developing advanced military technologies. However, the empire eventually declined as European powers surpassed Ottoman control of trade, wealth, and technology.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire rose to power in the 14th century under Osman I and grew to control vast territories across the Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa by the 15th-16th centuries. It reached its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent, controlling most of Southeast Europe. However, the empire began a slow decline in the 17th-18th centuries due to economic problems, weaker central control, and less effective Sultans. By the early 20th century, the Ottoman Empire had collapsed with the formation of modern Turkey in 1922.
Ottoman empire
The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 by Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. It grew to be a powerful Sunni Islamic empire and caliphate under rulers like Murad I, Mehmed II, and Suleiman the Magnificent. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, establishing Istanbul as the new capital and center of the Islamic world. In the 16th century, Suleiman expanded the empire significantly through his military campaigns in Europe and Asia. However, the empire began a slow decline in the late 16th century as its institutions and military failed to modernize. By the 19th century, the empire was weakened and faced defeats and invasions.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire ruled over three continents for 623 years, beginning in 1299 after Osman Bey conquered many Anatolian principalities. The Empire came to exist when Mehmet the Conqueror took Istanbul in 1453, connecting Asia and Europe and ending the Middle Ages. It then expanded into North Africa and as far as Vienna under later sultans. The Ottoman Empire constructed monuments across its lands and tolerated diverse religious and ethnic groups.
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The document summarizes the rise and fall of three major Muslim empires between the 13th-18th centuries:
1) The Ottomans expanded from Anatolia into the Balkans and Middle East, taking Constantinople in 1453. However, military defeats and a shift in trade routes led to decline after the 1600s.
2) The Safavids made Iran Shiite and challenged the Ottomans, reaching their height under Abbas I in the late 1500s. But internal conflicts and foreign threats weakened them thereafter.
3) The Mughals conquered northern India in the 1500s under Babur and Akbar, building a powerful empire and tolerant culture. However, Aurangzeb
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Muslim empires
The Ottoman Empire expanded greatly between 1453 and 1757 CE, conquering large areas of Western Asia, North Africa, and parts of Europe under sultans like Mehmet II and Suleiman I. The Safavid dynasty ruled Persia starting in the 16th century as strict Shiite Muslims, reaching their height under Shah Abbas, while the Mughal Empire was established in Northern India by Babur and expanded all of India by Akbar's rule, creating a period of cultural and economic flourishing, though all three empires began experiencing decline by the 1700s.
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The Ottoman Empire ruled a large portion of the Middle East and Eastern Europe for over 600 years, beginning in 1299. In 1453, Mehmet II captured Constantinople, establishing Istanbul as the new capital and greatly expanding Ottoman power. However, over time the empire began to decline due to factors such as weak sultans, corruption, and loss of territory to European powers. By the late 1600s the once powerful empire had ceased expanding and faced economic challenges, leading to its eventual dissolution in 1923 with the founding of the modern Republic of Turkey.
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The document summarizes three major Muslim empires that emerged after the Mongol conquests of the 13th and 14th centuries:
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The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire rose to power in the 15th century by conquering Constantinople in 1453 and making it their capital Istanbul. Over the next centuries, the Ottomans expanded their empire to control much of the Middle East, Egypt, the Balkans, and parts of Russia and Europe. Their military success was due to technologies like cannons and skilled soldiers. At its peak in the 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire entered a Golden Age and established a government and legal system. However, problems later emerged such as poor leadership and corruption, and the empire declined as European powers industrialized while the Ottomans remained agricultural.
Ottoman Empire
Suleyman the Magnificent ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and brought a golden age. He simplified taxation and reduced bureaucracy to improve citizens' lives, earning him the name "The Lawgiver." While having absolute power, he still consulted advisors. The empire respected all religions as long as taxes were paid and laws obeyed. Government positions were based on merit rather than birth.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire rose to power in the 13th century under Osman I by combining military and religious forces. Over subsequent centuries, Ottoman sultans like Murad, Mehmed II, Selim I, and Suleyman the Magnificent expanded the empire westward and southward through conquest, defeating powers like the Byzantines and gaining control of the Balkans, the Middle East, and North Africa. The Ottomans were able to adapt successfully due to factors like leadership, championing of Islam, flexible military tactics, and learning from enemies. While orthodox in their Sunni faith, they also tolerated other religious groups through a system of segregated communities. However, from the late 1600s on
Abbasid Dynasty
Here are three news articles about the conflict in Egypt:
1. The New York Times provides background on the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, including its origins and role in Egyptian politics.
2. The BBC gives an overview of the overthrow of President Morsi by the military and the crackdown on Brotherhood supporters.
3. The New York Post reports on new protests against the military-backed interim government and its violent response, deepening unrest in Egypt.
Together these articles provide useful context on the ongoing power struggle in Egypt between the Muslim Brotherhood and the military-led government.
Dynasties
The Fatimid dynasty ruled over parts of North Africa, Egypt, and the Levant from 909-1171 CE. Founded by Ismaili leader Ubayd Allah, the Fatimid dynasty established Cairo as its capital and built al-Azhar mosque, which became an important center of Islamic learning. However, the Fatimid's lost control over their territories due to weakening central authority and the invasion of the Seljuk Turks in the 11th century. The Ayyubid dynasty, founded by Saladin, ruled much of the region in the 12th-13th centuries and ushered in an era of economic prosperity before being replaced by the Mamluks in Egypt and conquered by the
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire originated as a nomadic Turkish group from Central Asia and rose to become a powerful world empire. Through military conquest, the Ottomans brought large territories under Islamic rule by the 15th century, including the capturing of Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire and expansion of Ottoman power. Under Suleiman the Magnificent's rule from 1520-1566, the empire established a strict social class system and saw advancements in areas like science, architecture, and literature.
14 the ottoman empire
The Ottoman Empire rose to become a powerful world empire starting in the 15th century. It originated as a nomadic Turkish group from central Asia. The Ottomans conquered the Byzantine Empire and captured its capital, Constantinople, in 1453, marking the end of the Roman Empire which had lasted nearly 1,500 years. Under Sultans like Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire established a system of rule based on Islamic law and organized citizens into social classes of educated elites, military, merchants, and farmers.
World in 1500 ottoman
In 1500, the Ottoman Empire was the largest and most powerful empire in the world. It spanned three continents and was ruled by a single family for seven centuries. The empire was centered in Istanbul and controlled important trade routes between Europe and Asia, including the Silk Road. It had a highly centralized administrative system and strong military, contributing to its political and economic dominance over much of the 15th and 16th centuries. The empire was also religiously tolerant and encouraged cultural mixing and innovation.
Ottoman Empire Influence
The Ottoman Empire had a significant influence on world history as the largest and most powerful of the Muslim empires. It lasted over 600 years due to its strong military, tolerant religious policies, and organized political system. The empire connected Europe, Asia, and Africa through its vast geographic reach, promoting an exchange of ideas and trade. It fell after joining World War I on the losing side of the Central Powers alliance.
World History Ch. 17 Section 1 Notes
Esma'il focused on spreading Shiism through military conquest, but suffered a major defeat against the Ottomans. 'Abbas focused more on domestic reforms like strengthening the government and military by acquiring modern weapons, which allowed him to defeat enemies and bring a golden age of culture and trade to the Safavid Empire.
Ottoman empire may and moji compressed email
The Ottoman Empire flourished between 1500-1700 AD, ruled by an absolute monarchy. The Sultan held supreme political and religious power. The empire grew to include parts of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Some key innovations during this period included advances in architecture, science, and astronomy, led by figures like Mimar Sinan and Takyuddin. The empire dominated trade in the eastern Mediterranean and became a cultural center under Suleiman the Magnificent. However, the empire began declining after defeats in the 1600s.
Middle east cheat sheet
This document provides an overview of key terms and events related to the Middle East from ancient Mesopotamian civilizations through modern times. It covers the rise and fall of empires like Assyria, Persia, and the Ottomans. It also discusses the major world religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and their influence. Key figures and events mentioned include Muhammad, the expansion of Islam, Zionism, the creation of Israel, and modern conflicts like the Persian Gulf War and Intifadas.
Ch.2/L1 - the Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans established a vast Muslim empire between 1300 and 1600 CE that combined many cultures. They were led by effective military leaders like Osman, Mehmed II, Selim I, and Suleiman I. Under Suleiman, the empire reached its peak, stretching from Hungary to Iraq and controlling Mecca and Medina. However, later incompetent rulers, fratricide, and imprisoning potential heirs weakened the empire and led to a slow decline.
How Successful Was The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire rose to power in the late 13th century and went on to become one of the largest and most powerful empires in the world over the next 600 years. It controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa at its peak. The empire was successful due to strong military leadership, a powerful army including elite forces like the Janissaries, a strong economy, and a unified government and identity provided by Islam. However, by the early 20th century the empire was in decline due to conflicts, economic troubles, and challenges from European powers.
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African American Inventors
Five influential African American inventors are profiled in the document:
1. Benjamin Banneker, born in 1731, invented America's first striking clock and was a farmer, mathematician, astronomer and author.
2. Patricia Bath invented the Laserphaco Probe, which revolutionized cataract surgery and helped restore vision for millions.
3. Marjorie Joyner invented the permanent press clothes and created a new field of wrinkle-resistant fabrics.
4. Garrett Morgan invented the three-light traffic signal and gas mask.
5. Willard Bennett invented the ice cream scoop and made ice cream a popular treat.
Course of WWII 19-2A
1) Hitler invaded Poland on September 1st, 1939 using blitzkrieg warfare of planes and tanks to quickly take control of Poland in just 4 weeks. Germany then divided Poland with the Soviet Union.
2) In 1940, Germany attacked France and the Low Countries, going around the French Maginot Line. Over 300,000 British and French troops were evacuated from Dunkirk. France signed an armistice and was occupied.
3) Germany launched an air offensive against Britain in the Battle of Britain during the summer of 1940. Though Britain's air force suffered losses, it withstood the assault and Germany postponed invading Britain indefinitely.
Hitler & Nazi Germany - 17 3
The document provides background information on Adolf Hitler and the rise of Nazi Germany. It describes how Hitler joined the German Workers Party in 1919 and transformed it into the Nazi party. It outlines key events that led to Hitler becoming dictator of Germany, such as the Beer Hall Putsch and the Enabling Act. It also summarizes some of Hitler's racist ideologies and policies enacted against Jewish people once the Nazis gained control, such as the Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht.
The Futile Search for Stability - 17-1
1. The period between World War 1 and 2 saw a futile search for stability as the League of Nations proved weak and nations disagreed on using force. Germany struggled with reparations payments which led to inflation and economic troubles.
2. In the late 1920s, some agreements stabilized relations but nations still maintained large military forces. The Great Depression started with the U.S. stock market crash of 1929 and spread globally, causing high unemployment.
3. By the early 1930s, the depression was at its worst with over 40% unemployment in Germany. People turned to dictators who offered simple solutions to economic problems, weakening Germany's democratic Weimar Republic.
7 1
Early Chinese civilization was shaped by its geography of major rivers and mountain ranges. The Huang He and Chang Jiang rivers provided fertile land for farming, though only 10% of China's land was arable, with the rest being mountains or desert. The first centers of Chinese civilization emerged in the Huang He valley, including the Xia Dynasty, though little is known about this early period. The subsequent Shang Dynasty established the city of Anyang in northern China. The Zhou Dynasty then ruled for over 800 years, developing bureaucracy and the concept of "Mandate of Heaven" to justify their right to rule based on virtue. During this period, the Chinese developed new tools like iron plows and engaged in extensive trade of silk along
7 2
The document summarizes different aspects of social classes and daily life in ancient China during the Zhou Dynasty. It describes the three main social classes as aristocrats, peasant farmers, and merchants. Aristocrats owned large estates and relied on farmers to grow crops. Most Chinese were peasant farmers who lived simply and grew food to support their families and provide crops to aristocrats. Merchants provided goods and services in towns but were looked down upon. Family life and the roles of men and women are also outlined. Major philosophical systems that developed including Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism are introduced along with their key thinkers and beliefs.
12 2
The document summarizes the reactions to Napoleon's defeat in 1815 and the Congress of Vienna which established a conservative order in Europe. The Congress was led by Prince Metternich of Austria and established the principles of balance of power and legitimacy to restore pre-Napoleon monarchies. However, the rise of liberalism and nationalism began breaking down the conservative domination in Europe. Revolutions spread across Europe in 1848 seeking representative governments and national unification, but were ultimately defeated restoring the old order.
12 1
The Industrial Revolution began in the 1780s in Great Britain and took decades to spread. Great Britain was well-suited for the Industrial Revolution due to advantages like abundant natural resources like coal and iron ore, a ready supply of capital from merchants, and a large colonial empire that provided export markets. New technologies like the steam engine and cotton gin automated manufacturing processes and vastly increased production. The Industrial Revolution transformed Great Britain into the world's first industrialized nation and spread industrialization across Europe and North America in the 19th century.
10-4
The document provides a summary of the colonial empires in Latin America held by Portugal and Spain from the 16th to 18th centuries, as well as the events leading up to the American Revolution. It describes how Portugal dominated Brazil and Spain had colonies in North and South America. Gold, silver, farming, and trade were major sources of wealth for the colonies. The Stamp Act of 1765 and subsequent taxation by the British Parliament without colonial representation led to growing tensions and the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775. The Declaration of Independence was issued in 1776 and American independence was recognized by the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
10 3a&B
The Enlightenment had a significant impact on the arts. Rococo art emphasized grace and charm, while the 18th century saw some of the greatest composers like Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart and their perfecting of the baroque style. Enlightened philosophers advocated for natural rights like freedom of religion and speech. Some rulers like Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great attempted limited reforms in line with Enlightenment ideals while maintaining absolute rule, though Joseph II of Austria enacted more radical changes. The balance of power between states was a key concern, leading to conflicts like the War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War, reshaping European colonial empires.
10 2
The document summarizes key aspects and figures of the Enlightenment period in the 18th century. Some of the major ideas discussed include John Locke's view of tabula rasa and people being molded by experience, Montesquieu's separation of powers in government, Voltaire's advocacy of deism and religious toleration, Diderot's work on the Encyclopedia to change common thinking, and Adam Smith's view of laissez-faire economics and limited government roles. Later Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau and Wollstonecraft addressed issues like inequality, the social contract, and women's rights respectively.
5 2
The document summarizes key ideas from ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates believed that the unexamined life is not worth living and that wisdom comes from wonder. Plato was a student of Socrates and established his Academy school. Aristotle was a student of Plato and established his own school called the Lyceum. The document also briefly discusses other ancient Greek philosophers and historians like Pythagoras, the Sophists, Herodotus, and Thucydides.
5-1_8th
Classical Greek culture made significant contributions to mythology, poetry, drama, art, and architecture:
- Greek mythology involved stories of the Olympian gods such as Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and others who controlled nature and human events. Poems like the Iliad and Odyssey spread Greek heroic epics.
- Greek drama evolved from tragedies by Aeschylus and Sophocles exploring the struggles of humanity to comedies by Aristophanes satirizing politics. Fables by Aesop used animals to teach moral lessons.
- Architecture such as the Parthenon exemplified the Greek emphasis on reason, order, and harmony through styles like Doric, Ionic
Rev&Enl10_1AB
The Scientific Revolution overturned ideas about the universe that had been accepted since ancient times. Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was at the center of the universe, which was confirmed by Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Galileo's astronomical observations with the telescope. Newton then defined the laws of motion and universal law of gravitation, explaining planetary orbits around the Sun. In medicine, Vesalius, Harvey, and others presented careful observations that disagreed with Galen's anatomical works, while Boyle and Lavoisier contributed to developments in chemistry. The Scientific Method of making systematic observations and using inductive reasoning to form general conclusions was developed.
9 3
Under the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 17th century, Japan experienced a period of political and social stability after years of civil war. The Tokugawa shoguns established a feudal system with themselves at the top and regional lords (daimyo) controlling lands and peasants below them. Society was strictly regulated along class lines, and the shogunate kept foreign influence at bay while allowing limited trade with China and the Dutch. Meanwhile in Korea, the isolated Yi dynasty ruled from 1392 to 1910 and maintained Korean culture while paying tribute to the neighboring Chinese Manchu empire that had invaded in the 1630s.
9 2
1) Chinese society in 1500-1800 was mostly agricultural, though population growth led to less available land and unrest. Manufacturing and trade between provinces increased but remained controlled by the government.
2) Chinese families emphasized relationships and Confucian ideals of providing for members' needs through education, support of unmarried daughters, and care of elders. Extended clan families linked by councils helped poorer relatives.
3) Women were considered inferior to men and had little rights or freedoms. They received no formal education, were subordinate to husbands, and had bound feet as a status symbol.
9 1
The document summarizes key events and developments during China's Ming and Qing Dynasties:
1) The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) strengthened China's economy and military after overthrowing the Mongol rulers, but weak later rulers led to peasant unrest and the rise of the Manchus.
2) The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) conquered China but adopted Chinese governance, with emperors like Kangxi and Qianlong restoring prosperity. However, internal problems and European demands for trade contributed to the dynasty's decline.
3) Contact between China and European powers under the Ming and Qing increased trade but also led to Christian missionary activities
8 1
Turkey has both geographical advantages and disadvantages due to its location. It controls the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, connecting the Black Sea and Aegean Sea, giving it strategic importance. However, it has also faced attacks and invasions throughout history from powers controlling surrounding areas like the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire expanded into the Balkans and captured Constantinople in 1453, establishing Istanbul as its new capital and controlling the region for centuries.
7 3&4
Lord Acton's quote that "power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely" is examined. Louis XIV of France established an absolute monarchy in the 17th century by concentrating power in his own hands. He removed nobles from government, centralized administration at his royal court in Versailles, pursued policies of religious unity and increased taxes through his finance minister Colbert to raise funds and power for France.
3pp
The early Israelites originated around 1000 BC in Canaan. They believed in one God and developed the religion of Judaism. God promised Abraham and his descendants the land of Canaan. Moses led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt to Mount Sinai, where they received the Ten Commandments from God. After 40 years of wandering, they took control of Canaan under Joshua but later divided into two kingdoms. Judaism continued to develop during the Babylonian exile and Persian rule, including writing the Hebrew Bible. Under Roman rule, Jewish revolts led to the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in AD 70.
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