The Industrial Revolution began in the 1780s in Great Britain and took decades to spread. Great Britain was well-suited for the Industrial Revolution due to advantages like abundant natural resources like coal and iron ore, a ready supply of capital from merchants, and a large colonial empire that provided export markets. New technologies like the steam engine and cotton gin automated manufacturing processes and vastly increased production. The Industrial Revolution transformed Great Britain into the world's first industrialized nation and spread industrialization across Europe and North America in the 19th century.

1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 12-1

2. Industrial Revolution The IR is when people stopped making stuff at home and started making stuff in factories. Began – 1780’s in GB Took – decades to spread Why Great Britain? Circle the advantages on this map and explain your answer.

3. Why GB? Ag practices change (wealthy landowners experimented with new farming techniques in order to increase their harvest) Inc food supply b/c new tech., good weather, new crops, inc transportation Parl passed laws allowing large landowners to fence off common lands B/c enclosure mov’t – many ppl were forced to move to town in search of work Ready supply of $ capital to invest (wealthy class of ship owners and merchants that were able to further industrial growth with their extra profits) Natural Resources plentiful in BR Rivers – provided water to power factories Also – coal & iron ore Supply of markets (colonial empire)

4. Cotton Production Pre-Indust Rev (2 step process) 1. spinners make thread 2. weavers – wove Known as cottage industry Tech adv made cottage industry inefficient

5. Necessity, is the mother of invention. -Plato What does that mean to you?

6. 1 st – Flying shuttle made weaving faster (John Kay) 1764 – J. Hargreaves invents spinning jenny Edmund Cartwright – inv. Water powered loom became more efficient to build factories Streams & rivers powered early machines James Watt – improved steam engine Steam power spun & wove cotton Did not need to be near a river 1760- 2.5 million lbs 1787- 22 million lbs 1840- 366 million lbs $$$$ GB most valuable export

7. Cotton gin - 1794 His cotton gin removed the seeds out of raw cotton.

9. Steam engine Do you know what this is?

10. Coal & Iron Industries

11. Steam Engine The steam engine was not just a transportation device. It ran entire factories the way rivers used to. Success of steam engine crucial to BR’s IR, needed coal Led to exp. in coal production *remember the map?

12. Henry Cort developed puddling process Produced better quality iron ore Coke used to burn away impurities in ore Produced high quality iron (stronger and cheaper than importing from Swedes)

13. BR Iron Industry 1740 – 17,000 tons 1780s – 70,000 tons 1852 – 3 million tons Used to build new machines, esp transportation

14. Railroads 1804 – 1 st steam powered train in BR Pulled 10 tons of ore & 70 ppl At 5 mph Rocket – 1 st public rail line Sped 16 mph W/in 20 yrs – trains @ 50 mph 1840 BR – 2,000 miles of track By 1850 – 6000 miles of track Building RRs created – new jobs Lower prices Meant owners reinvested profits & grow

15. New factories Workers forced – to work in shifts Factory owners created system – work discipline Example fines for being late, fired for bad behavior Child workers often beaten

16. Child labor Shoeshine boys

17. Child labor Bowling pin boys

18. Child labor Coal miner boys

19. Girls were preferred over boys. They were paid less, had smaller hands.

20. Spread of Industrialization Mid 19 th C, GB- world’s 1 st & richest ind. nation Produced – ½ world’s coal & manuf. goods Gov’ts provided- $ to build RR, roads & canals By 1850 – network of RR through EU US pop 1800 – 5 mil Robert Fulton – built 1 st paddle wheel steam boat

21. Transcontinental RR *train clips RR turned US into 1 huge market for goods made in the NE The transcontinental railroad made travel across the country faster, cheaper and more efficient.

22. Women & girls – big part of work force 2 new social classes 1. IR Middle Class 2. IR Working Class EU pop 1750 – 140 mil 1850 – 266 mil Thomas Malthus argued – pop would out pace ability to feed ourselves Pop up b/c – death rate is down, wars down, less disease/ppl ate better & more resilient to diseases

23. Irish Potato Famine Irish depended on potato as staple food Crop ruined by fungus 1 million died 1 million moved to US Ppl moved from rural areas to cities Rapid inc in cities led to – bad living conditions Promoted – reforms to ask gov’t to improve things

24. Irish Potato Famine

25. Many lived in tenements.

26. tenement

27. Industrial capitalism New Indust Middle Class made up of ppl who built factories, bought machines, found markets, etc. Indust Working class faced bad working conditions Hours 12-16 hours/day, 6 days/week No job security or minimum wage Factory Act of 1833 – 9 min age for employment Women paid ½ what men got Socialism – where society (gov’t) own factors of production Idea of – intellectuals that believe in equality of all Some slides from worldofteaching.com