The Scientific Revolution began during the Renaissance as scholars rediscovered ancient Greek and Roman texts using newly invented printing presses. This led to new ideas and technologies like the telescope and microscope that allowed for more accurate observation and measurement. Figures like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton developed new scientific theories like heliocentrism and the laws of planetary motion, rejecting the old geocentric model. Advances were also made in medicine by Vesalius, Harvey, Boyle and Lavoisier, establishing new understandings of anatomy and chemistry. Despite some resistance from the church, the rational scientific method became established as the dominant way of understanding the natural world.

1. The Scientific RevolutionChapter 10, Section 1

2. The Scientific Revolution

3. Impact of the RenaissanceReview: Rebirth of AntiquityHumanists mastered Latin and GreekRediscovered classical worksPtolemyArchimedesPlatoAristotleStudying led to diverse ideas

4. Inventions/DevelopmentsPrinting Press (Gutenberg) LiteracySpread of ideasAccurate MeasurementsWeights ships could carryInstrumentsTelescopeMicroscopeMathematicsFranciosViete (French lawyer)Used of variables (letters)

5. AstronomyGeocentric ModelPtolemaic systemEarth-centeredUniverse – concentric spheresHeliocentric modelCopernicus’ systemSun-centeredUniverse – Elliptical orbits

6. Nicholas CopernicusPolish mathematicianBorn: May 1543PublicationOn the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Heliocentric SystemSun-centeredEarth revolves and rotates

7. Johannes KeplerGerman mathematicianAgainst Ptolemy Used detailed astronomical dataLaws of Planetary MovementConfirmed sun-centered universeElliptical Orbits of planets

8. Galileo GalileiItalian teacher of mathematicsTelescopeInventor/developerMade regular observations of the heavens DiscoveriesMountains on the moon4 moons of JupiterSunspotsIssues with the church**Cardinal BellarmineDebate: Church teachings vs. Science

9. Sir Isaac NewtonMost brilliant mind of the eraUnited the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo BackgroundBorn: 1642 in EnglandCambridge University scholarMathematics professor Important WorksMathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyPrincipiaUniversal Law of GravitationExplains planetary movementMotion of objects in the universe

10. Medicine DevelopmentsAntiquityGalen (100 AD)Greek physician Andres VesaliusDissected human bodiesDescription of organsDetailed account on the bodyWilliam Harvey Heart circulates blood, not the liverBlood cycle through veins

11. ChemistryRobert BoyleChemistry experimentsBoyle’s LawProperty of gassesVolume varies based on pressure appliedAntoine LavoisierSystem for naming elements Founder of Modern Chemistry

12. Women’s ContributionsMargaret CavendishEnglish aristocratic familyWrote on scientific matters Observations Upon Experimental PhilosophyPublished under her own nameMaria WinkelmannGerman astronomer Discovered a cometApplied to ranking positionAfter husband’s deathDenied: lack of education and a woman

13. Philosophy and ReasonRene DescartesFrench philosopherIdeaologyUncertainty seemed to be everywhere“I think, therefor I am”  certain Philosophy dominated Western thoughtUntil the 20th century RationalismReason is the chief source of knowledge

14. Scientific MethodFrancis BaconEnglish philosopher Few scientific credentialsNot a scientist “The true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power.”Scientific MethodSystematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidenceMajor element of modern scienceInductive reasoningParticular  General thinking

15. Scientific Method

16. The Scientific RevolutionChapter 10, Section 1