The document summarizes the Scientific Revolution, which established modern science. It discusses key figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, and how they challenged Aristotle's geocentric model and developed the heliocentric model and laws of motion and gravity. The Scientific Revolution established empiricism and the scientific method. It led to advances in fields like astronomy, physics, chemistry, anatomy, and more. The Royal Societies also supported the exchange of new scientific ideas. Overall, the Scientific Revolution transformed how people viewed the world and pursued knowledge.

1. APEH: Chapter 17 The Scientific Revolution

2. Socrates 470-339 BC Classical Greek philosopher Great influence upon the founders of Western philosophy

3. Plato 428-348 BC Classical Greek philosopher Together with Socrates & student, Aristotle, laid down the foundations of Western culture Founder of the Academy of Athens-the 1 st institution of higher learning in the western world!! The School of Athens , fresco by Raphael (1509–1510), of an idealized Academy.

4. Aristotle 384-322 BC Student of Plato & teacher of Alexander the Great Wrote on diverse subject Physics, metaphysics, poetry (theater), logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology & zoology

5. Aristotle’s ideas Ideas about astronomy & physics accepted with minor revisions Offered understandable, common sense explanation for what eye saw Science fit neatly with Christian doctrines Humans are center of universe “ Great chain of being” Science was branch of theology

6. Ptolemy 83-161 AD Was a Greek/Egyptian Mathematician, geographer, astronomer & astrologer Flourished in Alexandria, Roman Egypt

7. Causes of the Scientific Revolution: Newton-If I have seen further(than others) it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants!” This period was a product of towering genius! 1.Medieval Universities provided the frame-work for the new view Renaissance stimulated science by rediscovering ancient mathematics. 3. Better ways of obtaining knowledge about the world including improved tools such as telescopes, sextants, improved the scientific method. Astronomy and physics were at the heart of the Scientific Revolution

8. Causes…con’t 4. Bacon advocated emperical, experimental research…or Inductive Reasoning. type of reasoning that involves moving from a set of specific facts to a general conclusion.

9. Causes…con’t 5. Descartes emphasized Deductive reasoning and was the first to graph equations. Deductive reasoning starts with a general case and deduces specific instances.

10. Roots of Modern Science Aristotle & Bible Medieval View Earth was unmoving object Earth was center of Universe = Geocentric Theory New Way of Thinking Scientific Revolution Astronomy, Physics & Mathematics Technology & Spread of Ideas Age of Exploration Desire of new ideas

11. Nicolaus Copernicus-Polish Astronomer Geocentric VS. Heliocentric Heliocentric: Sun-centered theory Did not publish findings until final year of life 1543: On the Rev. of the Heavenly Bodies

12. Johannes Kepler-German Astronomer Johannes Kepler Mathematician Elliptical orbits Proved Copernicus’s ideas to be true

13. Tyco Brahe Dutch Astronomer Sophisticated observatory Collection of mass data Limited understanding of math prevented him from making sense of his data

14. Galileo Galilei Challenged Aristotle & Bible Law of pendulum Falling Objects Telescope Laws of Motion Inquisition 1992-Vatican clears Galileo

15. Sir Isaac Newton English Mathematician Law of Gravity Principia Mathematica (1687) Knowledge became a tool to give man power over nature rather than a means of glorifying God!

16. Newton…con’t Universal laws of motion and gravity(forces of attraction & repulsion! He was born in England the year Galileo died Newton took the work of Descartes, Kepler, & Galileo and developed a synthesis of laws of motion.

17. Connection to Today Vatican clears Galileo 1992: Pope John Paul II 13-year study Church acted in “good faith”

18. Scientific Method Logical procedure for gathering & testing ideas 5 steps… Observation Hypothesis Experiment Analyze/Interpret data Conclusion

19. Rejected medieval assumptions & teachings Empiricism -Experimental Method; Inductive Reasoning Procedure from the concrete to the abstract. Organize, cooperate, & specialize in order to overcome miseries of humanity! Published Volume One of Novum Organum —thinking based on observation- Francis Bacon/Eng.

20. Rene Descartes Analytical Geometry Emphasized Mathematics & Logic Better understanding of natural world Cartesian dualism-divided everything into “matter(the physical mind) & mind(the spiritual world) “ I think therefore I am!”(Cogito, ergo sum)

21. Zacharias Janssen 1st Microscope

22. Evangelista Torricelli 1st Mercury barometer Tool to measure atmospheric pressure & predicting weather One of Galileo’s students

23. Gabriel Fahrenheit 1st Thermometer Used mercury in glass Water freezing: 32 Degrees

24. Anders Celsius Another scale for mercury thermometer Freezing at 0 Degrees

25. Gerardus Mercator Invented maps using a projection Used The Mercator projection Shows shapes accurately but size is not accurate Improved quality of geographical instruments & maps

26. The Scientific Revolution Science and Society 1. Rise of the International Scientific Community 2. Gender and Science 3. Religion and Science

27. Andreas Vesalius Anatomy Dissected human bodies Disproved similarities of animals to be the same as humans On the Fabric of the Human Body Detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscle

28. William Harvey Continues Vesalius’s work On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals Function of heart, Circulation of blood & blood vessels

29. Edward Jenner Produced world’s 1st vaccine Introduced vaccine for Smallpox Inoculation of germs from cattle disease to give protection to humans

30. Robert Boyle Father of Chemistry Boyle’s Law Volume, Temperature & Pressure of gas effect each other

31. Joseph Priestly Separation of pure gas from air

32. Antoine Lavoisier-Father of Modern Chemistry recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) helped construct the metric system At the height of the French Revolution he was accused by Jean-Paul Marat of selling watered-down tobacco, and of other crimes, and was guillotined(1794). "Cela leur a pris seulement un instant pour lui couper la tête, mais la France pourrait ne pas en produire une autre pareille en un siècle." ("It took them only an instant to cut off his head, but France may not produce another such head in a century.”)

33. Royal Society in England(1662) & the Royal Society in France(1666) These were recognized by the gov’t & served as exchanges for new ideas. Did research & published their findings

34. Royal Societies…con’t Generally, women were exluded, because they were believed to be less capable than men,though many female scientists worked on their own! Most scientific thinkers did not see a contradiction between religion & science, but there did develop a current of skepticism!

35. Other sciences developed such as-Paleography A new science that develped Deciphering, reading, dating, & authentication of manuscripts

36. AGE OF REASON!!!!!! All in all, natural laws could be discovered through the application of reason, which led to the 18 th C conception of The human mind as “rational” and the period as the “Age of Reason!” The Sc. Rev.  led to the Enlightenment!

37. The Age of Reason represented a genesis in the way man viewed himself, the pursuit of knowledge, and the universe.