The Scientific Revolution between the 16th and 17th centuries profoundly changed Europeans' worldview. Key figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton applied mathematics and experimentation to develop scientific theories like heliocentrism and the laws of motion and gravity, undermining the geocentric Aristotelian view. This emphasized empirical evidence over religious authority and established individual intellect over collective wisdom, laying the foundations for the Enlightenment.
An overview of the Scientific Revolution to go with lesson plans on the subject at the History Teaching Institute at Ohio State University
http://hti.osu.edu/scientificrevolution/lesson_plans
An overview of the Scientific Revolution to go with lesson plans on the subject at the History Teaching Institute at Ohio State University
http://hti.osu.edu/scientificrevolution/lesson_plans
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Scientific Revolution Overview
1. Toward a New World View
The Scientific Revolution
2. Introduction
There were profound changes in the
world-view of Europeans in the late 16th
and early 17th centuries.
The primary cause was the Scientific
Revolution. (1543-present)
3. Introduction
The most
profound
change in
human
history?
4. Introduction
The new intellectual climate differed
from the medieval world-view:
Rejection of authority.
Best knowledge was practical.
Demystification of the universe.
5. Introduction
Intellectuals in this era differed from their predecessors by
combining mathematics and experiment.
6. Roots of the Scientific Revolution
Ancient Egypt
7. Introduction
China –
movable
type, paper,
astronomy
20. The Scientific Revolution
Niccolo Tartaglia
was the first to apply
mathematics to the
investigation of the
trajectory of
cannonballs.
His work was later
validated by Galileo's
studies on falling
bodies.
21. The Scientific Revolution
Gian Battista Benedetti
proposed a new doctrine of
the speed of bodies in free
fall.
The speed depends on the
difference between the
specific gravity of the body
and that of the medium it
falls through.
22. The Scientific Revolution
Tyco Brahe was a Danish
nobleman who set the stage
for modern astronomy by
building an observatory and
collecting data.
He was known for his
accurate and
comprehensive
astronomical and planetary
observations.
24. The Scientific Revolution
Proved the
Copernican view of
the universe.
Moon
Planets
Stars
Sunspots
Wrote in the
vernacular.
25. Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
of Tuscany (1615)
Written to address the
conflict between the Bible
and heliocentric theory.
Argued that the Bible must
be interpreted in light of
scientific knowledge.
Argued for a non-literal
interpretation of the Bible.
Galileo declared the Bible
teaches how to go to
heaven, not how the
heavens go.
The letter began Galileo’s
troubles with the Church.
26. The Scientific Revolution
1633 – Church arrested Galileo and charged him with heresy.
He was forced to recant and was placed under house arrest.
27. The Scientific Revolution
Johannes Kepler
formulated three laws
of planetary motion
that proved the
relationship between
the planets in a sun-
centered solar system.
29. René Descartes (1596-1650)
French
mathematician and
philosopher.
A transitional
figure between the
medieval past and
modern science.
30. The Scientific Revolution
A rationalist.
Promoter of deductive
reasoning, predicting
particular results from
general principles.
31. Discourse on Method (1637)
Descartes wished to
develop a method that could
be used to yield scientific
truth.
Argued that abstract
reasoning and math were a
more reliable path to truth;
our senses could deceive us.
Cogito ergo sum (“I
think, therefore I am”)
32. The Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton
integrated the
astronomy of
Copernicus and
Kepler with the
physics of Galileo.
33. Prinicipia Mathematica 1687
Newton formulated a
set of mathematical
laws to explain motion
and mechanics.
A key feature was the
law of universal
gravitation.
34. The Scientific Revolution
Contributions
made by these
scientists made
the universe
comprehensible
for the first time.
35. Scientific Revolution
The individual became much more important;
collective authority was not the source of
wisdom…individual intellect was.
36. The Scientific Revolution
After the
Revolution, God
was viewed by
many as either a
remote master
mechanic, or his
existence began to
be doubted.
38. The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific
Revolution laid the
foundation for the
Enlightenment of
the 18th Century.
Editor's Notes
-rejection of authority. Mostly Church authority, several crises contributed to this. -”best” authority was practical. Bacon: “purpose of knowledge was to ease man’s estate” Descartes: purpose of knowledge “to make us, as it were, masters and possessors of nature” Demystification of the universe: e.g., heavenly realm above the moon was no longer of eternal bodies that had no matter or weren’t physical Experiment was different from Observation, which the ancient did.
The Church invested greatly in this world-view: put man in the center of the universe, most important part of God’s creation
Called into question the literal truth of the Scriptures. There are a few passages where God, for example, makes the sun stand still. This implies that the earth is still and the sun moves around it.
Among observations: moons of Jupiter, that is that there are planets with their own satellites: this also goes against the conception of perfect crystal spheres.
Mathematician: invented the Cartesian Coordinate system and analytic geometry, among other things. Promoter of deductive reasoning . Wanted science to be like Euclid: deductions from self-evident starting points.
Cogito ergo sum was one of Descartes’ “axioms”, that is, certain and self-evident truths that other truths could then be deduced from using a deductive method.