The document provides a summary of the colonial empires in Latin America held by Portugal and Spain from the 16th to 18th centuries, as well as the events leading up to the American Revolution. It describes how Portugal dominated Brazil and Spain had colonies in North and South America. Gold, silver, farming, and trade were major sources of wealth for the colonies. The Stamp Act of 1765 and subsequent taxation by the British Parliament without colonial representation led to growing tensions and the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775. The Declaration of Independence was issued in 1776 and American independence was recognized by the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

1. 10.4 A COLONIAL EMPIRES & THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Col Emp in Latin Am Port – dominated Brazil SP – colonies in North America, Central America & South America Mestizos – EU & Native Americans Mullatoes – EU & Africans 1 source of wealth – supplies of gold & silver

2. Farming – source of prosperity Large landowners – created immense estates Native Am – worked on large estates or on marginal (small) farms Trade – another source of profit # of – natural products were shipped to EU (sugar, tobacco, diamonds, animal hides) Mother countries – supplied colonists with manufactured goods SP & Port – closely regulated the trade of American colonies BR & FR – wanted in Latin American markets

3. SP & Port determined to – Christianize the native peoples Gave – Catholic Church an important role in the Americas Missionaries – brought Native Americans together into villages, converted them, taught them a trade, and encouraged them to grow crops Cath Church built – cathedrals, hospitals, orphanages & schools Allowed women – enter convents and become nuns

4. BRITAIN & NORTH AMERICA 1707 – England & Scotland were united BR – refer to both the English & Scots BR monarch – shared power with Parliament Parl – gradually gained more power Had power – to make laws, levy taxes, pass the budget, influence ministers of the monarch 1714 – new dynasty - Hanoverians

5. Robert Walpole – head of cabinet (PM) 1721-1742 Pursued – peaceful foreign policy Wm Pitt the Elder – head of cabinet 1757 Expanded – British Empire by acquiring Canada & India Col supposedly run by – British Board of Trade, the Royal Council, & Parliament Actually – ran by local legislatures Col merchants did not – want British to run their affairs

6. 10-4B American Revolution After 7 Years War – British leaders wanted new $ from colonies Used to – cover war cost, army to defend the colonies 1765 – Parliament imposed the Stamp Act on colonies Required – printed materials carry a stamp showing tax had been paid Opposition – was widespread and often violent 1766 – act was repealed

7. 1770s – crisis after crisis Col org – First Continental Congress Met – Philadelphia Urged col 1. take up arms 2. organize militias April 1775 – colonist vs British army – Lexington & Concord 2nd Cont Congress – met Formed – army – Continental Army With – George Washington as commander in chief

8. July 4, 1776 – 2nd Cont Congress approved declaration of independence Written by – Thomas Jefferson Based on – John Locke’s ideas Am Rev – has begun War – with Great Britain was a huge gamble FR – supplied arms & money to rebels – also FR soldiers served in Wash. army 1778 – following a BR defeat FR recognize American state

9. SP & Dutch – also enter war against Great Britain BR faced – war against much of EU and America Yorktown – General Cornwallis surrender to American & French forces under Washington BR – decided to end the war Treaty of Paris 1783 – recognized independence of the American colonies Granted Am – control of western territory from Appalachians to Mississippi River

10. Birth of a New Nation Former col – were now states Feared – concentrated power Little enthusiasm – for creating a united nation with a strong central gov’t Articles of Confederation – nation’s first constitution Lacked – power to deal with new nation’s problems

11. Summer of 1787 – delegates met to revise the Articles Known as – Constitutional Convention Decided to – write a plan for an entirely new national gov’t The Constitution Created – a federal system (share of power between national and state governments)

12. Nat’l powers 1. levy taxes 2. raise army 3. regulate trade & national currency Divided into – 3 branches 1st – executive branch Pres – chief executive Power to 1. execute laws 2. veto legislature’s act 3. supervise foreign affairs 4. direct military forces 2nd – legislative branch Consisted of – 2 houses (Senate & House of Representatives) 3rd – judicial branch Courts would – enforce the Constitution (supreme law of the land) Must be ratified – approved by 9 of 13 states

13. Bill of Rights – 1789 Guarantee:- freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, assembly - right to bear arms - protection against unreasonable searches & arrest- guaranteed trail by jury & due process of law- protection of property rights Many derived – rights came from natural rights Eur intellectuals – saw the American Revolution as the picture of the Enlightenment’s political dreams