This document discusses qualitative rigor and criteria to ensure trustworthiness in qualitative research. It outlines four criteria for qualitative rigor: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Credibility refers to the accuracy of findings and interpretations. Transferability involves the extent to which findings can apply to other contexts. Dependability means the consistency of data collection, interpretation, and analysis. Confirmability refers to the degree to which findings are shaped by the respondents and not researcher bias. The document also compares qualitative and quantitative research and outlines when each approach is best used. It provides examples of qualitative research designs like ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and action research and discusses their key aspects.

1. Research 101: Qualitative Rigor
Harold Gamero

2. Rigor
• Criteria to ensure rigor (trustworthiness) during qualitative inquiry (Guba & Lincoln, 1980).
Qualitative
Quantitative
Credibility
Internal validity
Transferability
External validity
(generalizability)
Dependability
Reliability
Confirmability
Objectivity

3. Qualitative
Transferability Dependability
Credibility Confirmability
Quantitative
External validity
(generalizability)
Reliability
Internal validity Objectivity
Degree to which
inferences made in
the research are
accurate
and well-founded.
Being able to extend
the results or
conclusions, to other
individuals, setting,
times or institutions
Consistency of the
data collection,
interpretation and
analysis.
Researcher’s
personality, beliefs
and values should no
interfere in the
research findings.

4. Qualitative
Transferability Dependability
Credibility Confirmability
Presence of accurate
description or
interpretation of
human experience
(that people who
also share the same
experience would
immediately
recognize)
How one determines
the extent to which
the findings of a
particular inquiry
have applicability in
other contexts or
with other subjects
When another
researcher can
follow the decision
trail used by the
researcher
Sense of awareness
and openness to the
study and unfolding
results.

5. Qualitative
Transferability Dependability
Credibility Confirmability
Presence of accurate
description or
interpretation of
human experience
(that people who
also share the same
experience would
immediately
recognize)
How one determines
the extent to which
the findings of a
particular inquiry
have applicability in
other contexts or
with other subjects
When another
researcher can
follow the decision
trail used by the
researcher
Sense of awareness
and openness to the
study and unfolding
results.

7. When to choose qualitative designs
To assess causality
To understand multiple social realities
surround an issue
Should not
Should
We want to measure values and perceptions
of values
Risk of social desirability bias
To generalize the results from the sample
To report objective, measurable social
behaviors

8. Qualitative designs
Focused on cultural practices. Involves the observation and recording of
conversations, rituals, performances, ceremonies, artifacts, jokes, and stories.
Focuses on how people experience a particular phenomenon, their meanings and
how these individual meanings shape group or cultural meanings.
Focuses on specific, complex and functioning systems (organization, a corporation,
an ongoing support group, a group of college students, a person).
Involves the identification and interpretation of a set of verbal or nonverbal signs
(textual, visual, audiovisual, dynamics, etc.).
Focuses on the use of research findings to better our lives as individuals and
communities. More oriented toward problem solving.
Phenomenology
Case study (research)
Textual analysis
Action (and evaluation)
research
Ethnography

9. Where Do
We Look for
Meaning?
Whose
Interpretation?
What Is
the Unit of
Analysis?
What Is
Outcome Goal?
Ethnography Culture
Balance of
researcher and
participant
Community Cultural map
Phenomenology
Experience of
phenomenon
Co-researchers
Individuals and
groups
Essence of
phenomenon
Case Study
Characteristics
of bounded
system
Researcher
Organization,
group, individual,
or critical incident
Describe and
interpret case
Textual Analysis
Language and
symbols
Researcher
Texts or
conversation
Interpretation
Applied Research
Constructed
experience with
program
Collaboration of
participants and
researcher
Individual, group,
or organization
Evaluation/
problem solving
Qualitative designs comparison

10. Secondary data
Qualitative Data Collection Techniques
Observation
Interviews
Focus Group

11. Thank you.
Harold Gamero