This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as research using text and pictures rather than numbers, taking a holistic approach to understand phenomena. The document outlines several major qualitative research designs including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and content analysis. It discusses when a qualitative approach is appropriate and provides details on how to conduct and analyze data for a case study design. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a rich story and tentative hypotheses about observed social phenomena.
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
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Introduction of Case study in media issues
How to do case study and how can it help in media issues
used for media ethics and media history (journalism paper in Nepal)
PA 550 Research MethodsWeek 1 - 13Andrew (Andy) Pattison.docxgerardkortney
PA 550:
Research Methods
Week 1 - 1/3
Andrew (Andy) Pattison
S
What is Research?
Why Take a Class in Research Methods?
Evidence-based Argumentation
Induction: learning from the world by observation
The Scientific Method
Mendel & pea pods
Modern medicine, Biochemistry, Physics
Social Science Research
Behavior of people: economics, sociology, anthropology
Public Administration & Public Policy
Do people use more public transit when unemployment rates go up?
Make predictions based on evidence, as opposed to assumptions
Ask questions
Surveys, interviews?
How many people?
Which people?
The challenge to the public manager
School principal, fire chief, emergency manager
Types of Research
Descriptive Research: Who? What? When? How many?
Example:
How much homelessness exists in Ventura County?
Explanatory Research: Why? How?
Example:
Why is there so much homelessness in Ventura County?
Causation & Correlation
Causal Inference: X causes Y
Example:
Will a proposed policy (X) actually reduce homelessness in Ventura County (Y)?
Conditions of Causality:
Temporal Order: X comes before Y
Correlation: There is a pattern
Theory: There is an argument as to why X COULD cause Y
No spuriousness: No other factors (Z) are the actual cause
Direct “Positive” Correlation
As X increases, Y increases
Inverse “Negative” Correlation
As X increases, Y decreases
Car Correlation Examples
PA 550:
Research Methods
Week 1 - 3/3
Andrew (Andy) Pattison
A Broad Outline for the Class
Foundations of research design
Data collection approaches
Interviews, field research, surveys
Data analysis approaches
Quantitative and non-quantitative approaches to analysis
Post-analysis issues
Management of projects and presenting results
Basic Elements and Concepts in Research
Clarifying the Purpose of Research and Evaluation Projects
Conceptualization and Operationalization
Project Objectives
Theory and Prior Work
Understanding What to Study and What to Measure
Unit of Analysis
The entities (objects or events) being examined by a researcher
Variables
A characteristic of a unit of analysis that is not constant but instead varies across individual observed cases
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Asking Research Questions (RQ)
A project’s central RQ helps guide a series of more specific sub-questions
The nature of a core RQ relates to the basic purpose of the project:
Descriptive purpose produces “what” or “how” questions
Explanatory purpose produces causality questions
Writing research Hypotheses
“A proposition indicating how two or more factors are related to one another, and stated in a way that it can be tested with empirical evidence”
Empirical, Generalizable, Plausible, Precise
Approaches or Strategies
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixed Methods
Ethics and the Research Process
Protection of Human Subjects
The case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study
The Belmont Report
Institutional Review Boards
Chapter 4: Conducting Preli.
Qualitative Research Methods Essay
What Is The Generic Qualitative Approach? Essay
Qualitative Reflection
Qualitative Research Essay
Importance Of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Exploratory Essay
Qualitative Research Strategy
Qualitative Research Evaluation Essay
Qualitative Research Methods
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Essay
Qualitative Research Questions
Qualitative Research
Essay on Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Methodology Qualitative And Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research Essay
The Goal Of Qualitative Research Essay
Essay On Qualitative Research
These slides are mainly based on research and its meaning and concept and it is prepared mainly for PG learners and researchers in Education. In the above 3rd slide, 5th line please write "search' instead of 'research".
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION
- OBJECTIVE
- TYPES OF RESEARCH
- RESEARCH PROCESS
- RESEARCH PROBLEM
- BROAD LITERATURE SURVEY
- HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
- RESEARCH DESIGN
- SAMPLING
- COLLECTION OF DATA
- ANALYSIS OF DATA
- HYPOTHESIS TESTING
- PREPARATION OF REPORT
- CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH
- PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHER IN INDIA
- REFERENCES
The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve. Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. The first module highlights an overview of all concepts adopted in Research.
Critiquing research studies and articles is one of the method to improve the quality of research projects and it is also a method to learn research methodology for beginners.
This slides explains the Management of aggression in patients with psychiatric illness. Aggression management is one of the important job responsibility of mental health nurse
Referencing in research, vancouver style reference and citation in research reports, APA style reference, referencing etc
Vancouver style reference system is commonly followed in research reports including nursing and medical research
hypothesis and type of hypothesis is explained with appropriate examples
Hypotheses and type of hypotheses are explained with appropriate examples
Research hypothesis, null hypothesis, directional hypothesis, non-directional hypothesis, simple hypothesis, complex hypothesis etc
Antipsychotics, antipsychotic drugs, major tranquilizers, tranquilizersMuthu Venkatachalam
introduction, indication, contraindications and side effects of antipsychotic drugs are explained.
Antipsychotic drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia including psychosis is described.
Chlorpromazine, Clozapine
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdf
Qualitative research designs
1. Qualitative Research
“ Not everything that can be counted counts,
and not everything that counts can be
counted.”
~ Albert Einstein
Presenter
Muthuvenkatachalam S., D.Pharm, M.Sc (AIIMS), PhD Scholar
(RGUHS)
2. 2
Scheme
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Major Qualitative Research Designs
Observations
When to Choose A Qualitative Approach?
Qualitative Research Design: Case Study
Qualitative Research Design: Ethnography
Qualitative Research Design: Phenomenological Study
Qualitative Research Design: Grounded Theory Study
Qualitative Research Design: Content Analysis
Collecting, Organizing, and Analyzing Data In Qualitative Research
What Makes Good Qualitative Research?
3. 3
Introduction
No single or ultimate truth to be discovered, more likely there are multiple perspectives
What do you see?
4. 4
Agenda
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Major Qualitative Research Designs
Observations
When to Choose A Qualitative Approach?
Qualitative Research Design: Case Study
Qualitative Research Design: Ethnography
Qualitative Research Design: Phenomenological Study
Qualitative Research Design: Grounded Theory Study
Qualitative Research Design: Content Analysis
Collecting, Organizing, and Analyzing Data In Qualitative Research
What Makes Good Qualitative Research?
5. 5
Qualitative Research - Definition
“Qualitative research is a loosely defined category of
research designs or models, all of which elicit verbal,
visual, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory data in the form
of descriptive narratives like field notes, recordings, or
other transcriptions from audio- and videotapes and
other written records and pictures or films.”
6. 6
What is Qualitative Research?
Research using qualitative data in the form of text and pictures, not numbers
Takes a holistic approach with a specific focus and tells a richer story than quantitative
research
Used to answer questions about the complex nature of phenomena, often with the
purpose of describing and understanding the phenomena
Builds on researcher’s ability to interpret and make sense of what he or she sees for
understanding any social phenomenon
Takes longer to tell a story and usually ends with tentative answers of hypotheses about
what was observed
Often used in combination with quantitative methods and data, and can be objective or
subjective, and makes considerable use of inductive reasoning
Although objective methods may be appropriate for studying physical events such as
electricity, chemical reaction, and black holes, an objective approach for studying human
events , relationships, social structures, etc., is neither desirable nor, perhaps, even
possible (Eisner, 1998; Moss 1996).
7. 7
Major Qualitative Research Designs
Case study
Attempts to shed light on a phenomena by studying in-depth a single case
example of the phenomena. The case can be an individual person, an event,
a group, or an institution.
Ethnography
Focuses on the sociology of meaning through close field observation of
sociocultural phenomena. Typically, the ethnographer focuses on a community.
Phenomenology
A study that attempts to understand people’s perceptions, perspectives, and
understandings of a particular situation. In other words, what is it like to experience such
and such?
Grounded theory
Theory is developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a participant-
observer.
Content Analysis
A detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a particular body of material for
the purpose of identifying patterns, themes, or biases within a material
Historical
Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences
in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of these events
that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events.
8. 8
Observations
Qualitative research usually starts by questions like:
How do people feel while living under occupation?
How can a teacher use principles from behaviorist psychology to help a student with
Autism succeed in an elementary school?
Good percentage of research could start as qualitative and then morph into
other types. For example, medicine and biology.
Qualitative research may start using any technique of the previously described
designs, and could shift towards another design as more information may
suggest a better approach
Qualitative research requires considerable preparation and planning.
Researches should be well trained in observation techniques, interview
strategies, and data collection methods
Qualitative research does not yield quick results and easy answers
9. 9
When To Choose A Qualitative Approach
Description
Qualitative research can reveal the nature of certain situations, settings, processes,
relationships, systems or people
Interpretation
To enable a researcher to gain new insights about a particular phenomenon
Develop new concepts or theoretical perspectives about the phenomenon
Discover the problems that exist within a phenomenon
Verification
Allow researchers to test the validity of certain assumptions, claims, theories or
generalizations within real-world contexts
Evaluation
Allow researchers to judge the effectiveness of particular policies, practices and
innovations.
In general, not a good method to identify cause-effect relationships, i.e. Why questions, and
“what caused what” type of investigations
10. 10
Agenda
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Major Qualitative Research Designs
Observations
When to Choose A Qualitative Approach?
Qualitative Research Design: Case Study
Qualitative Research Design: Ethnography
Qualitative Research Design: Phenomenological Study
Qualitative Research Design: Grounded Theory Study
Qualitative Research Design: Content Analysis
Collecting, Organizing, and Analyzing Data In Qualitative Research
What Makes Good Qualitative Research?
11. 11
Qualitative Research Designs:
Case Study
Definitions and Observations
A particular individual, program, or event is studied in depth for a defined
period of time.
Examples:
Studying the effect of a new drug on a particular patient
Studying the effectiveness of a political campaign for a candidate
Studying the level of improvement in educational achievement on a student when
given a new multi-vitamin formula
Researchers may study two or more cases, often cases that are different in
certain key ways, to make comparisons, build theory, or propose
generalizations. This is referred to as collective case study.
Major weakness of case study design is that we cannot be sure that the
findings are generalizable to other situations, especially if only one case
study was performed.
12. 12
Qualitative Research Designs:
Case Study
Method
Gather Case Study Data
Researcher collects extensive data on the individual(s), program(s), or
event(s) on which investigation is focused.
Observations, interviews, documents, past records, audiovisual materials
(photographs, videotapes, audiotapes)
Spend time on site to interact with people who are being studied
Gather Context Information
Researcher records details about the context surrounding the case
Physical environment
Historical, economic, and social factors that may affect situation
13. 13
Qualitative Research Designs:
Case Study
Data Analysis Steps
Organize details about case
Case facts are organized in a logical order
Categorize data
Cluster data into meaningful groups
Interpret data
Examine specific documents, occurrences, and other bits of data for a meaning that may be
important to the case
Identify Patterns
Data and their interpretations are scrutinized for underlying themes and other patterns that
characterize the case more broadly than a single piece of information can reveal
Synthesize and Generalize
Construct an overall portrait of the case and draw conclusions that may have implications
beyond the specific case that has been studied
Triangulation of data; many separate pieces of information must all converge to the
same conclusion
14. 14
Qualitative Research Designs:
Case Study
Research Report Content
Case study rationale
Why the case study worthy of in-depth investigation and how it will contribute to human
beings’ knowledge about the world
Detailed description of the facts related to the case
Describe the object(s), event(s), individual(s) you studied and any other facts uncontested
about the case
Be thorough and objective as much as possible
Discussion of found patterns
Describe any trends, themes, etc. that the data suggest (interpretation)
Provide evidence for every pattern you report to convince readers that such pattern do exist
and portray the collected data
If you find pattern-contradicting data, you should include it to provide unbiased account of
the case
Connection to the larger scheme of things
Answer the question; So What?
How does the case study contribute to the knowledge about some aspect of the human
experience
You can compare against previously reported case studies to either support or disconfirm
an existing hypothesis or theory
15. 15
Agenda
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Major Qualitative Research Designs
Observations
When to Choose A Qualitative Approach?
Qualitative Research Design: Case Study
Qualitative Research Design: Ethnography
Qualitative Research Design: Phenomenological Study
Qualitative Research Design: Grounded Theory Study
Qualitative Research Design: Content Analysis
Collecting, Organizing, and Analyzing Data In Qualitative Research
What Makes Good Qualitative Research?
16. 16
Qualitative Research Designs:
Ethnography
Definitions and Observations
Ethnography (from the Greek ethnos = nation and graphein = writing) refers to the qualitative
description of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork. Ethnography is a holistic research
method founded in the idea that a system's properties cannot necessarily be accurately
understood independently of each other.
Focuses on entire group that shares a common culture where the group is studied in its natural
setting for an extended period of time, months to years
Focus of the investigation is on the everyday behaviors (e.g. interactions, language, rituals) of
the people in the group, with an intent to identify cultural norms, social structures, and other
cultural patterns
Requires a lot of patience and considerable tolerance
Beware of “going native”
Was first used in cultural anthropology, and now seen in sociology, psychology, and education
Good to have a grounding in cultural anthropology before venturing into Ethnography
17. 17
Qualitative Research Designs:
Ethnography
Method
Gain access to a site appropriate for answering the research question
Ideally, the researcher should be a stranger with no vested interest in the
outcome of the study
The researcher may have to go through a gatekeeper, a person who can
provide a smooth entrance into the site
Establish rapport with people being studied and gain their trust and be open
about reason of study
Gather Information
Intermingle with everyone and get an overall sense of the cultural context (big
net approach)
Identify sources of information, i.e. key informants
Observe, interview, listen, and take extensive field notes
18. 18
Qualitative Research Designs:
Ethnography
Data Analysis Steps
Description
Describe events in chronological order
Describe a typical day in the life of the group or of an individual within the group
Focus on a critical event for the group
Develop a story, complete with plot and characters
Analysis
Categorize data according to their meanings.
Identify patterns, regularities, and critical events
Interpretation
General nature of the culture is inferred from the Analysis step outcomes
Existing theoretical frameworks in the field may lend structure and support
during the interpretation process
Interpret with “rigorous subjectivity” since objectivity is hard to attain
19. 19
Qualitative Research Designs:
Ethnography
Research Report Content
Rarely written in impersonal style. Often personal and literary narrative designed to
engage the reader’s attention and interest.
Introduction that provides a rational and context for the study
Present the research question and the rationale
Describe why the study was important for you to conduct and for others to read about
Describe the setting and the method
Describe the group you studied and the methods you used to study it
Make it real for readers through considerable details about everything
Analyze the studied culture
Describe the patterns and themes you observed
Present evidence – use participant’s actual words
Provide a conclusion
Relate your findings to the research question and to concepts and theories in your
discipline
Avoid making judgments
Convey the voice of the people
20. 20
Agenda
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Major Qualitative Research Designs
Observations
When to Choose A Qualitative Approach?
Qualitative Research Design: Case Study
Qualitative Research Design: Ethnography
Qualitative Research Design: Phenomenological Study
Qualitative Research Design: Grounded Theory Study
Qualitative Research Design: Content Analysis
Collecting, Organizing, and Analyzing Data In Qualitative Research
What Makes Good Qualitative Research?
21. 21
Qualitative Research Designs:
Phenomenological Study
Definitions and Observations
Phenomenology refers to a person’s perception of the meaning of an
event, as opposed to the event as it exists external to the person.
Phenomenological Study is a study that attempts to understand
people’s perceptions, perspectives, and understandings of a particular
situation. In other words, what is it like to experience such and such?
The researcher may have had the experience related to the phenomenon in
question and wants to gain better understanding of the experiences of
others
The researcher could make some generalizations of what something is like
from an insider’s perspective
22. 22
Qualitative Research Designs:
Phenomenological Study
Method
Almost exclusively limited to lengthy interviews with a carefully
selected sample of participants
Typical interview’s length: 1-2 hours
Typical sample size: 5-25 individuals
Participants must have had a direct experience with the phenomenon
being studied
Interview’s nature is unstructured. Researcher and participants work
together to arrive at the heart of the matter
Researcher suspends any preconceived notions or personal
experiences that may influence participants
23. 23
Qualitative Research Designs:
Phenomenological Study
Data Analysis Steps
Identify statements that relate to the topic
Researcher separates relevant from irrelevant information
Break relevant information into small segments that each reflect a single,
specific thought
Group statements into “meaning units”
Researcher groups the segments into categories that reflect the various aspects
(“meanings”) of the phenomenon as it is experienced
Seek divergent perspectives
Researcher looks and considers the various ways in which different people
experience the phenomenon
Construct a composite
Researcher uses various meanings identified to develop an overall description
of the phenomenon as people typically experience it
The final result is a general description of the phenomenon as seen through the
eyes of the people who have experienced it firsthand.
Focus on common themes despite diversity in the individuals and settings
studied
24. 24
Qualitative Research Designs:
Phenomenological Study
Research Report Content
No specific structure for the report
Present research problem or question
Describe methods of data collection and analysis
Draw a conclusion about the phenomenon
Discuss practical implications of your findings
25. 25
Agenda
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Major Qualitative Research Designs
Observations
When to Choose A Qualitative Approach?
Qualitative Research Design: Case Study
Qualitative Research Design: Ethnography
Qualitative Research Design: Phenomenological Study
Qualitative Research Design: Grounded Theory Study
Qualitative Research Design: Content Analysis
Collecting, Organizing, and Analyzing Data In Qualitative Research
What Makes Good Qualitative Research?
26. 26
Qualitative Research Designs:
Grounded Theory Study
Definitions and Observations
A type of research that begins with the data and use it to develop a
“grounded” theory
A grounded theory study uses a prescribed set of procedures for analyzing
data that have been collected in the field rather than taken from research
literature
Typically focuses on a process related to a particular topic, with the ultimate
goal of developing a theory about that process
Helpful when current theories about a phenomenon are either inadequate
or nonexistent
Examples: Interactions between building contractors and future home
owners, management of a difficult pregnancy, experiences with chronic
illness, remarriage following a divorce, and spousal abuse.
27. 27
Qualitative Research Designs:
Grounded Theory Study
Method
Gather Data
Researcher collects extensive data on
the individual(s), program(s), or event(s)
on which study is focused.
Observations, interviews, documents,
past records, audiovisual materials
(photographs, videotapes, audiotapes)
Data collected must include the
perspectives and voices of the people
being studied
Analyze Data
Researcher develops categories to
classify the data into proper categories
Revise categories and gather enough
data to “saturate” categories
Gather Data
Analyze Data
Constant Comparative
Method
28. 28
Qualitative Research Designs:
Grounded Theory Study
Data Analysis Steps
Open coding: a process of reducing the data to a small set of themes that appear to
describe the phenomenon under investigation
Data is divided into segments and then scrutinized for commonalities that reflect categories
or themes
After data is categorized, it’s further examined for subcategories that characterize each
category
Axial coding: a process of making interconnections among categories and
subcategories
Focus is to determine the following about each category
Conditions
Context
Strategies that people use to manage it or carry it out
Consequences of such categories
Selective coding: categories and their interrelationships are combined to form a
storyline that describes what happens in the phenomenon being studied
Development of a theory
Develop a theory, in the form of a verbal statement, model, series of hypotheses, to explain
the phenomenon in question and explains how certain conditions lead to certain actions or
interactions. And how those interactions lead to other actions, and so on.
Based entirely on the collected data
29. 29
Qualitative Research Designs:
Grounded Theory Study
Research Report Content
What do you think of report style?
Report style is objective and impersonal
Description of the research question
Review of related literature
Do not use literature to provide concepts or theories, rather use it to provide
rationale and context
Describe methods of data collection and analysis
Outline nature of sample and setting
Outline specific methods used in collecting data
Explain the categories and subcategories you identified
Describe how your data collection was driven by your data analysis
Present a theory
Discuss implications
30. 30
Agenda
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Major Qualitative Research Designs
Observations
When to Choose A Qualitative Approach?
Qualitative Research Design: Case Study
Qualitative Research Design: Ethnography
Qualitative Research Design: Phenomenological Study
Qualitative Research Design: Grounded Theory Study
Qualitative Research Design: Content Analysis
Collecting, Organizing, and Analyzing Data In Qualitative Research
What Makes Good Qualitative Research?
31. 31
Qualitative Research Designs:
Content Analysis
Definitions and Observations
Detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a particular
body of material for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes, or
biases.
Typically performed on forms of human communications, i.e. books,
newspapers, films, etc.
Requires a lot of upfront preparation
Not necessarily a stand-alone design. Could be used with other
forms of research to aid in the analysis of the results of a given
research. E.g. cross-sectional study, ex post facto study, and quasi-
experimental study
32. 32
Qualitative Research Designs:
Content Analysis
Method
Identify specific body of material to be studied
Small amounts of material is usually studied in its entirety
Large amounts of material are sampled randomly
Define the characteristics or qualities to be examined in precise, concrete terms.
Researcher may identify an example of each characteristic to be more precise.
If material to be analyzed is complex, e.g. books, transcripts of conversation, etc. ,
break down each item into small, manageable segments to be analyzed separately
Scrutinize the material for instances of each characteristic or quality defined
previously.
When judgments are objective (e.g. looking for occurrence of a word in a text ), one rater is
sufficient
When judgments are subjective (e.g. evaluating a behavior for an activity), then multiple
raters (two or three ) are required, and a composite of their judgments is used
33. 33
Qualitative Research Designs:
Content Analysis
Data Analysis Steps
Tabulate the frequency of each characteristic found in the studied
material – quantitative approach
Often times, statistical analyses are performed on the frequencies
or percentages obtained to determine whether significant
differences exist relevant to the research question
Use tabulations and statistical analyses to interpret the data as they
reflect on the problem under investigation
34. 34
Qualitative Research Designs:
Content Analysis
Research Report Content
Description of the material studied
Describe the overall studied material and any sampling procedures used, if any
Precise definition and description of the investigated characteristics
Define each characteristic enough such that other researchers could replicate
the study
Consider using specific examples from your data to illustrate each characteristic
Description of the rating procedure
Describe the rating procedure used to evaluate the material, and how multiple
ratings were combined
Tabulation of each characteristic
Report frequencies or percentages (or both) for each characteristic.
Consider using tables and graphs for illustration
Descriptions of found patterns
Identify themes or trends in the studied material
35. 35
Agenda
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Major Qualitative Research Designs
Observations
When to Choose A Qualitative Approach?
Qualitative Research Design: Case Study
Qualitative Research Design: Ethnography
Qualitative Research Design: Phenomenological Study
Qualitative Research Design: Grounded Theory Study
Qualitative Research Design: Content Analysis
Collecting, Organizing, and Analyzing Data In Qualitative Research
What Makes Good Qualitative Research?
36. 36
Colleting Data in Qualitative Research
Need for Sampling
Purposeful sampling: Selecting individuals or objects that would yield the most information
about the topic under investigation
Theoretical sampling: Choosing data sources that are most apt to help develop a theory of the process in
question
Discriminant sampling: Returning to data sources that are most apt to help validate a theory
Observations
Experiment with various recording strategies
Get introduced to the people you are watching
Remain quiet and inconspicuous, yet be friendly when approached
Record and interpret at the same time
Interviews
Rarely structured. Either open-ended or semi-structured
Could interview multiple people in a focus group
Identify questions in advance with, carefully pick your sample, proper location, written
permission, rapport, actual vs. abstract or hypothetical, listen, record verbatim, keep reactions to
self, and interviews do not necessarily reveal facts
Pay attention to group dynamics when conducting focus groups
37. 37
Organizing and Analyzing Data from Qualitative Studies
Synthesis
Offering hypothesis or propositions
Constructing tables, diagrams, hierarchies
Synthesis
Offering hypothesis or propositions
Constructing tables, diagrams, hierarchies
Classification
Grouping the data into categories or themes
Finding meaning in the data
Classification
Grouping the data into categories or themes
Finding meaning in the data
Organization
Filling
Creating a computer database
Breaking large units into smaller ones
Organization
Filling
Creating a computer database
Breaking large units into smaller ones
Perusal
Getting an overall sense of the data
Jotting down preliminary interpretations
Perusal
Getting an overall sense of the data
Jotting down preliminary interpretations
The Final Report
The Raw Data
The Data Analysis Spiral
Creswell, 1998
38. 38
Agenda
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Major Qualitative Research Designs
Observations
When to Choose A Qualitative Approach?
Qualitative Research Design: Case Study
Qualitative Research Design: Ethnography
Qualitative Research Design: Phenomenological Study
Qualitative Research Design: Grounded Theory Study
Qualitative Research Design: Content Analysis
Collecting, Organizing, and Analyzing Data In Qualitative Research
What Makes Good Qualitative Research?
39. 39
What Makes Good Qualitative Research?
Purposefulness
Research question drives the methods used to collect and analyze the data
Explicitness of assumptions and biases
Researcher identifies and communicates any assumptions, beliefs, biases, and values that may
influence data collection and interpretation
Rigor
Researcher uses rigorous, precise, and thorough methods to collect, record, and analyze data
and takes steps to remain as objective as possible
Open Mindedness
Researches shows willingness to modify hypothesis and interpretations when newly acquired
data conflict with previously collected data
Completeness
Researcher describes all aspects of researched materials
Coherence
Data yield consistent findings and multiple resources converge onto consistent conclusions
(triangulation)
Persuasiveness
Researcher presents logical evidence and weight of evidence points strongly towards
conclusions
Consensus
Other individuals and participants agree with the researcher’s interpretations and explanations
Usefulness
Project yields conclusions that promote better understanding of a phenomenon, enable more
accurate predictions about future events