concepts of disease causation
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This document discusses concepts of disease causation and screening. It defines health and outlines several theories of disease causation, including supernatural, Ayurveda, miasma, germ, biomedical, and multifactorial causation theories. It also discusses the natural history of disease and the iceberg phenomenon. Regarding screening, the document defines screening and outlines its aims/objectives, uses, types, criteria for screening tests, and evaluations of screening programs.
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This document discusses various theories of disease causation and pathogenesis. It describes old theories from Ayurveda and Chinese medicine that attributed disease to imbalances in bodily principles. It also covers the germ theory proposed by Pasteur and Koch, and the biomedical model. More recent theories recognize multifactorial causation involving genetic, social, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The pathogenesis of disease is explained as the progression from pre-pathogenesis through clinical symptoms to recovery or death. An iceberg model is used to represent the majority of hidden or subclinical cases that maintain disease prevalence.
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concepts of disease causation
- 1. CONCEPT OF DISEASE CAUSATION AND THEIR SCREENING By: Nikita Saliya 1st year M.sc Nursing CMPCON
- 2. Outline • Introduction and definition of health. A. Concepts of disease causation I. Theories of disease II. Natural history of disease III. Iceberg phenomenon B. Disease screening I. Aims and objectives of screening II. Uses of screening III. Types of screening
- 3. Definition of health • According to WHO, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual wellbeing and not merely an absence of diseases or infirmity”
- 5. Supernatural theory • A punishment from God for a sinful behavior. • e.g. curse of God; an evil eye
- 6. Ayurveda • The disease is due to imbalance of the ‘tridosha’ • Vatta (air), pitta (bile), and kapha (mucus)
- 7. Miasma Theory • The word "miasma" means "pollution". • Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that caused illnesses.
- 8. Germ theory • Health problems were believed to be the product of living organisms which entered the body through food, water, air or the bites of insects or animals.
- 9. Cont. • It was believed that each disease has a single and a specific cause (mono-causal approach).
- 10. The result of the Germ Theory: • Researches were moved from the community to the laboratory and concentrated on the identification of agents for a given disease.
- 11. Biomedical model • Disease as a result of malfunctioning of organs or cells • For e.g. Diabetes is caused by malfunctioning of pancreas
- 12. Epidemiological triad • According to this theory, exposure to an agent does not necessarily lead to disease. • It was believed that disease is the result of an interaction between agent, host and the environment.
- 13. AGENT
- 16. Multifactorial causation theory • Disease is not only caused by an organism but also predisposed by many factors contributing to its occurrence
- 18. LAZARU’S THEORY OF STRESS RESPONSE • According to him, in the process of coping, the individual responds to a stress, which can have an impact on the client’s resistance to disease.
- 19. HOLMES AND RAHE’S THEORY OF LIFE CHANGES • They explored the relationship between the amount of change in a person’s life and subsequent illness. • The higher a person’s life changes score, the greater is the like hood that an illness would develop.
- 20. Web of causation • Given by Mac Mohan and Pugh • According to this concept, disorders are developed through complex interaction of many factors. • These factors maybe biophysical, social or psychological. • Chain which may be a fraction of the whole complex is known as a web of causation.
- 22. Theory of general susceptibility • It seeks to understand why some social groups seems to be more susceptible to disease and death in general.
- 23. Natural history of disease • In the absence of any intervention (preventive or treatment), all diseases follow a natural course of events which refers to natural history of disease. • The natural history of disease occurs in two phases pre- pathogenesis and pathogenesis
- 24. Phases Prepathoge- nesis phase Before onset of disease Favourable environment & host Agent (outside the host) Pathogenesis phase Incubation period Early pathogenes is Late pathogenes is
- 27. Age and gender Income Marital status Life style Nutritional status Occupation & literacy Ethnicity HOST
- 31. Screening for disease • Search for unrecognized disease or defect by means of rapidly applied test, examinations or other procedures.
- 32. Aims and objectives of screening • Sort out apparently healthy persons likely to have the disease • Bring apparently abnormal under medical supervision and treatment
- 35. Criteria of test for screening