The document discusses various qualitative research methods including interviews, observation, and focus group discussions. It provides details on the different types of interviews such as structured, unstructured, and semi-structured interviews. It also outlines the key elements and considerations for conducting effective interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. These methods are explained as approaches for obtaining direct information from research participants and exploring their perspectives in an in-depth manner.
Data plays an important role in any research or study conducted. It aids in bringing about a breakthrough in the respective field as well as for future researches. The collection of data is carried out in two forms viz: Qualitative Data and Quantitative Data which includes further bifurcation under it.
What is Qualitative Data?
Qualitative research can be defined as the method of research which focuses on gaining relevant information through observational, open-ended and communication method. They are more exploratory which concentrates on gaining insights about the situation and dig a bit deeper to find the underlying reason. The central idea behind using this method is to find the answer to Why and How rather than How many. Data gathered during a qualitative research is what is termed as qualitative data.
What is the purpose?
A qualitative data is non-numerical and more textual which comprises mostly of images, written texts, recorded audios and spoken words by people. Moreover, one can conduct qualitative research online as well as offline too. Apart from this, the varied purpose of qualitative research is as follows:
- To examine the purpose or reason for the situation
- Gain an understanding of the experience of people
- Understanding of relations and meaning
- Varied norms including social and political as well as contextual and cultural practice which impact the cause.
Data plays an important role in any research or study conducted. It aids in bringing about a breakthrough in the respective field as well as for future researches. The collection of data is carried out in two forms viz: Qualitative Data and Quantitative Data which includes further bifurcation under it.
What is Qualitative Data?
Qualitative research can be defined as the method of research which focuses on gaining relevant information through observational, open-ended and communication method. They are more exploratory which concentrates on gaining insights about the situation and dig a bit deeper to find the underlying reason. The central idea behind using this method is to find the answer to Why and How rather than How many. Data gathered during a qualitative research is what is termed as qualitative data.
What is the purpose?
A qualitative data is non-numerical and more textual which comprises mostly of images, written texts, recorded audios and spoken words by people. Moreover, one can conduct qualitative research online as well as offline too. Apart from this, the varied purpose of qualitative research is as follows:
- To examine the purpose or reason for the situation
- Gain an understanding of the experience of people
- Understanding of relations and meaning
- Varied norms including social and political as well as contextual and cultural practice which impact the cause.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe different types of data collection techniques
Demonstrate dimensions , type of observations and how to prepare and conduct observation
Understand the practical communication skills for interviews to ask good questions , probe and follow up questions .
Able to prepare for interview
Understand the characteristics and uses of focus group discussions
Conduct focus group discussions
Data and data collection in qualitative researchRizky Amelia
This is about data and data collection methods in qualitative research, including interviews, observations, introspective, think-aloud, retrospective, questionnaires, documents, and production task. completely great :)
Freud's psychodynamic approach summarised. Methodology and Case study evaluations.
Again - download the presentation for the animations, it will indeed make much more sense! :D
Marxist view, Neo- Marxist view, Modernization, Dependency theory, world system theory, Post development theory, Sustainable development, Human development theory
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
The presentation is concerned with the increasing humanitarian turmoil of present world, refugee crisis. It contains the following contents definition of refugee, causes, issues of refugee emergency, state of international assistance and present scenario of human rights violation happened for refugee crisis
The presentation is about First World War. it's causes, devastation and name and force of the central powers and allied powers. The consequences and peace treaties which came into force through world war 1 in world history. It will be helpful for students of political science, public administration and international relations.
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
From intelligent search and recommendations to automated data productisation and quotation, Opendatabay AI-driven features streamline the data workflow. Finding the data you need shouldn't be a complex. Opendatabay simplifies the data acquisition process with an intuitive interface and robust search tools. Effortlessly explore, discover, and access the data you need, allowing you to focus on extracting valuable insights. Opendatabay breaks new ground with a dedicated, AI-generated, synthetic datasets.
Leverage these privacy-preserving datasets for training and testing AI models without compromising sensitive information. Opendatabay prioritizes transparency by providing detailed metadata, provenance information, and usage guidelines for each dataset, ensuring users have a comprehensive understanding of the data they're working with. By leveraging a powerful combination of distributed ledger technology and rigorous third-party audits Opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of every dataset. Security is at the core of Opendatabay. Marketplace implements stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular vulnerability assessments, to safeguard your data and protect your privacy.
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
5. A verbal technique for obtaining
data direct from the primary source.
A very systematic method by which
a person enters deeply into the life
Even a stranger and can bring out
needed information and data for the research purpose.
6. C. F. Cannell and R. N. Kahn (1975): There are three essential element of
interviews
Accessibility
Cognitive Condition
Motivation
7. Honesty
Interest
Accuracy
Adaptability
Personality and temperament
Intelligent and education
Special skill
Appropriate preparation
8. From of strict structural point of view we can identify
three types of interview:
A. Structured Interview
B. Unstructured Interview
C. Semi-structured Interview
9. The use of a set of pre-determined questions
Highly standardized techniques of recording
The use of fixed, alternative questions
The use of close ended questions
The question order are pre-determined.
10.
11. Non-standardize interviewing
Do not follow a list of pre-determined question
Freedom to talk on whatever events
Provide their own definition of the social situation
It is very complex process.
Use open ended questionnaire
12.
13. A pre-determined set of questions & questions arise
when interviewing an a person
To develop a keen understanding of the topic of interest
A subjective experience of respondent
It preceded by observation, informal and unstructured interviewing
15. It may not be possible to gather groups of
individuals or to visit one-on-one
An asking a small number of general
questions
Closed site access
Use open ended question
A researcher does not have direct contact with the participant
Limited communication to understand the interviewee’s
perceptions of the phenomenon
16. A geographically dispersed group
of people
To provides rapid access to large
numbers of people
To promote follow-up
conversations
To raise complex ethical issues
17. May be unstructured, semi structured, or structured
Try to understand individual feeling and motivation
Information of the client is willing to share
Face-to-face interaction between a client and interviewer
An intake interview, an admission interview, a mental status exam or a diagnostic
interview.
20. Process enabling researchers to learn about the activities of the people
by becoming a part of the population or the subject. Discipline:
Anthropology, Sociology
21. Live in the community, make relationships
with informants.
Take part in way of life, rituals, customs to
know cultural parameters
know cultural members manners, leadership,
politics, social interaction, and taboos
Observer does his recording or note when he is alone.
Example: To know the culture, lifestyle of tribal community (e.g Chakma),
become a part of them.
22. Understand a phenomenon by staying separate from the activities being
observed.
Observing participants unobtrusively.
Use of recording devices (video or tape recorder) to know contours of talk
(e.g. intonation), body behavior (e.g. facial expression, eye gaze)
Example: Teacher Provides a
problem to the
Students & divides them
into team, observes how
they make solution.
23. A mode of observation that takes action & observe the consequences of that
action.
Select a group of subjects
Do something to them
Observe the effect of what was done
It involves 3 components Independent & Dependent variable, Pre- testing,
post-testing, Experimental & control groups
24. Independent variable – cause
Dépendent variable – effect
Example
Independent variable
• Depression for result, relationship
• Mixing up with bad company
• Failure in exam
• Interest in drugs becomes habit
• Divorced parents
• Availability of drugs
Dependent variable
Increasing
Drug addiction among
young generation
25. Pre- testing –measurement before incident
post-testing- measurement after incident
Example
Rate of sharing videos, picture, trolls, statues on social networking
sites before & after India vs Bangladesh cricket match
Indicator : Result of the match
If Bangladesh wins sharing is high before & after the match
If Bangladesh losses sharing is less
26. Experimental group: to which stimulus is applied
Control group: to which no stimulus is applied
Example : Compare the attitudes & activities of two groups of criminals
from jail
Control group
People who are outside of jail by
parole
Experimental group
people who are staying in the jail
27. Experimental group
• Teach them good manners
• Give them books, magazines to read
• Train & motivate them to be skilled
• Show them movies
Stimulus
28. Experimental group Control group
Compare: same?
Compare: different?
Figure : Diagram of Experimental design
Measure attitude &
activities
Apply stimulus
Re measure attitude &
activities
Re measure attitude &
activities
Measure attitude &
activities
29. Audiovisual
Consist of images or sounds
For example: Pictures, photographs, videotapes,
objects, sounds
Focus
The central phenomenon
under study.
30. Advantage
people easily relate to images
share directly their perceptions of reality
Disadvantage
They are difficult to analyze
31. Focus group discussion(FGD)
Formally organized, structured groups of individuals
“In-depth” research technique
discuss a specific topic of interest
guide future action
also called group interviewing
Sample size
Typically 5 to 15 people
For example: political or marketing research
32. Focus group discussion(FGD)
Advantage
The technique is a socially oriented research
method capturing real-life data in a social environment.
It has flexibility.
It has high face validity.
It has speedy results.
It is low in cost
Disadvantage
Focus groups afford the researcher less control than individual interviews.
Data are difficult to analyze.
Moderators require special skills.
33. How are focus groups different from regular "groups"?
has a specific, focused discussion topic.
a trained leader, or facilitator.
carefully planned to create a nonthreatening
environment
Members are actively encouraged
34. Why are focus groups used?
learn more about group or community opinions and needs
what people are really thinking and feeling, their expression
depth and complexity of response
When should you used FGD
a new program or service
asked or answered on a written survey
time, knowledge, and resources
35. Procedure for conducting FGD
Before you begin, Recheck your goals.
Find a good leader
Find a recorder.
Decide who should be invited.
Decide about incentives.
Decide on the meeting particulars.
Prepare your questions.
Recruit your members
Double-check.
When the group meets
Conduct the group
Some common techniques
After the meeting
Look at the data
Share results with the group.
