The document discusses various qualitative research methods including interviews, observation, and focus group discussions. It provides details on the different types of interviews such as structured, unstructured, and semi-structured interviews. It also outlines the key elements and considerations for conducting effective interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. These methods are explained as approaches for obtaining direct information from research participants and exploring their perspectives in an in-depth manner.

3. Presented By

4. Content
 Interview
 Observation
 Focus Group Discussion

5.  A verbal technique for obtaining
data direct from the primary source.
 A very systematic method by which
a person enters deeply into the life
 Even a stranger and can bring out
needed information and data for the research purpose.

6.  C. F. Cannell and R. N. Kahn (1975): There are three essential element of
interviews
 Accessibility
 Cognitive Condition
 Motivation

7.  Honesty
 Interest
 Accuracy
 Adaptability
 Personality and temperament
 Intelligent and education
 Special skill
 Appropriate preparation

8. From of strict structural point of view we can identify
three types of interview:
A. Structured Interview
B. Unstructured Interview
C. Semi-structured Interview

9.  The use of a set of pre-determined questions
 Highly standardized techniques of recording
 The use of fixed, alternative questions
 The use of close ended questions
 The question order are pre-determined.

11.  Non-standardize interviewing
 Do not follow a list of pre-determined question
 Freedom to talk on whatever events
 Provide their own definition of the social situation
 It is very complex process.
 Use open ended questionnaire

13.  A pre-determined set of questions & questions arise
when interviewing an a person
 To develop a keen understanding of the topic of interest
 A subjective experience of respondent
 It preceded by observation, informal and unstructured interviewing

14. Besides These
 Clinical Interview
 Telephone Interview
 E-Mail Interviews

15.  It may not be possible to gather groups of
individuals or to visit one-on-one
 An asking a small number of general
questions
 Closed site access
 Use open ended question
 A researcher does not have direct contact with the participant
 Limited communication to understand the interviewee’s
perceptions of the phenomenon

16.  A geographically dispersed group
of people
 To provides rapid access to large
numbers of people
 To promote follow-up
conversations
 To raise complex ethical issues

17.  May be unstructured, semi structured, or structured
 Try to understand individual feeling and motivation
 Information of the client is willing to share
 Face-to-face interaction between a client and interviewer
 An intake interview, an admission interview, a mental status exam or a diagnostic
interview.

19. 1) Participant
2) Non- participant
3) Experiment
 Independent & Dependent variable
 Pre- testing, pro-testing
 Experimental & control groups
4) Audio visual/recording observation

20. Process enabling researchers to learn about the activities of the people
by becoming a part of the population or the subject. Discipline:
Anthropology, Sociology

21.  Live in the community, make relationships
with informants.
 Take part in way of life, rituals, customs to
know cultural parameters
 know cultural members manners, leadership,
politics, social interaction, and taboos
 Observer does his recording or note when he is alone.
Example: To know the culture, lifestyle of tribal community (e.g Chakma),
become a part of them.

22.  Understand a phenomenon by staying separate from the activities being
observed.
 Observing participants unobtrusively.
 Use of recording devices (video or tape recorder) to know contours of talk
(e.g. intonation), body behavior (e.g. facial expression, eye gaze)
Example: Teacher Provides a
problem to the
Students & divides them
into team, observes how
they make solution.

23. A mode of observation that takes action & observe the consequences of that
action.
 Select a group of subjects
 Do something to them
 Observe the effect of what was done
 It involves 3 components Independent & Dependent variable, Pre- testing,
post-testing, Experimental & control groups

24. Independent variable – cause
Dépendent variable – effect
Example
Independent variable
• Depression for result, relationship
• Mixing up with bad company
• Failure in exam
• Interest in drugs becomes habit
• Divorced parents
• Availability of drugs
Dependent variable
Increasing
Drug addiction among
young generation

25. Pre- testing –measurement before incident
post-testing- measurement after incident
Example
Rate of sharing videos, picture, trolls, statues on social networking
sites before & after India vs Bangladesh cricket match
Indicator : Result of the match
If Bangladesh wins sharing is high before & after the match
If Bangladesh losses sharing is less

26. Experimental group: to which stimulus is applied
Control group: to which no stimulus is applied
Example : Compare the attitudes & activities of two groups of criminals
from jail
Control group
People who are outside of jail by
parole
Experimental group
people who are staying in the jail

27. Experimental group
• Teach them good manners
• Give them books, magazines to read
• Train & motivate them to be skilled
• Show them movies
Stimulus

28. Experimental group Control group
Compare: same?
Compare: different?
Figure : Diagram of Experimental design
Measure attitude &
activities
Apply stimulus
Re measure attitude &
activities
Re measure attitude &
activities
Measure attitude &
activities

29. Audiovisual
 Consist of images or sounds
For example: Pictures, photographs, videotapes,
objects, sounds
 Focus
 The central phenomenon
under study.

30. Advantage
 people easily relate to images
 share directly their perceptions of reality
Disadvantage
 They are difficult to analyze

31. Focus group discussion(FGD)
Formally organized, structured groups of individuals
 “In-depth” research technique
 discuss a specific topic of interest
 guide future action
 also called group interviewing
Sample size
 Typically 5 to 15 people
For example: political or marketing research

32. Focus group discussion(FGD)
Advantage
 The technique is a socially oriented research
 method capturing real-life data in a social environment.
 It has flexibility.
 It has high face validity.
 It has speedy results.
 It is low in cost
Disadvantage
 Focus groups afford the researcher less control than individual interviews.
 Data are difficult to analyze.
 Moderators require special skills.

33. How are focus groups different from regular "groups"?
 has a specific, focused discussion topic.
 a trained leader, or facilitator.
 carefully planned to create a nonthreatening
environment
 Members are actively encouraged

34. Why are focus groups used?
 learn more about group or community opinions and needs
 what people are really thinking and feeling, their expression
 depth and complexity of response
When should you used FGD
 a new program or service
 asked or answered on a written survey
 time, knowledge, and resources

35. Procedure for conducting FGD
 Before you begin, Recheck your goals.
 Find a good leader
 Find a recorder.
 Decide who should be invited.
 Decide about incentives.
 Decide on the meeting particulars.
 Prepare your questions.
 Recruit your members
 Double-check.
 When the group meets
 Conduct the group
 Some common techniques
 After the meeting
 Look at the data
 Share results with the group.

36. Thank you
?