Qualitative research and its importance in daily life. The Value of Qualitative Research Its Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses and Kinds.

1. Qualitative Research & Its
Importance in Daily Life

2. 7 steps of research process
•Define research problem
•Review of literature
•Formulate hypothesis

3. 7 steps of research process
•Preparing the research design
•Data collection
•Data analysis

4. 7 steps of research process
•Interpretation and reporting
writing

5. Commonalities
•Empirical research is aimed at creating
new knowledge
•Research creates knowledge by
observing phenomena.

6. Commonalities
•All the entities of interest like
attitudes, motives and learning can be
inferred from observing what people
do or say in each setting

7. Commonalities
•All researchers are concerned
about the universality of ideas or
expressing an idea in a general
statement.

8. Qualitative Research & Its
Importance in Daily Life

9. The Value of Qualitative Research Its
Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses and
Kinds

10. Three key elements that define a qualitative
research study and the applied forms.
• The Design.
• A. Naturalistic
• B. Emergent
• C. Purposeful

11. A. Naturalistic
• refers to studying real-world situations as they
unfold naturally; non-manipulative and non-
controlling; the researcher is open to whatever
emerges [i.e., there is a lack of predetermined
constraints on findings].

12. B. Emergent
•acceptance of adapting inquiry as
understanding deepens and/or situations
change.

13. C. Purposeful
• cases for study [e.g., people, organizations,
communities, cultures, events, critical incidences]
are selected because they are “information rich”
and illuminative.

14. The Collection of Data

15. 1. Data
• observations yield a detailed, "thick description"
[in-depth understanding]; interviews capture direct
quotations about people’s personal perspectives
and lived experiences; often derived from carefully
conducted case studies and review of material
culture.

16. 2. Personal experience and engagement
• researcher has direct contact with and gets close to
the people, situation, and phenomenon under
investigation; the researcher’s personal experiences
and insights are an important part of the inquiry
and critical to understanding the phenomenon.

17. 3. Empathic neutrality
• an empathic stance in working with study
respondents seeks vicarious understanding without
judgment [neutrality] by showing openness,
sensitivity, respect, awareness, and responsiveness;
in observation, it means being fully present
[mindfulness].

18. 4. Dynamic systems
• there is attention to process; assumes change is
ongoing, whether the focus is on an individual, an
organization, a community, or an entire culture,
therefore, the researcher is mindful of and
attentive to system and situational dynamics.

19. The Analysis
• Unique case orientation
• Inductive analysis
• Holistic perspective
• Context sensitive
• Voice, perspective, and
reflexivity

20. A. Unique Case Orientation
•assumes that each case is special and unique;
the first level of analysis is being true to,
respecting, and capturing the details of the
individual cases being studied.

21. B. Inductive analysis
•immersion in the details and specifics of the
data to discover important patterns, themes,
and inter-relationships.

22. C. Holistic perspective
•the whole phenomenon under study is
understood as a complex system that is
more than the sum of its parts.

23. D. Context sensitive -
•researcher is careful about [even dubious of]
the possibility or meaningfulness of
generalizations across time and space.

24. E. Voice, perspective, and reflexivity
•the qualitative methodologist owns and is
reflective about her or his own voice and
perspective;
•a credible voice conveys authenticity and
trustworthiness.

25. (Design)Types of Qualitative Research
•Case Study Research
•Ethnography
•Phenomenology
•Grounded Theory
•Content and
Discourse Analysis
•Historical Analysis

26. 1. Case Study Research
•A long time study of a person, group
organization or situation and an empirical
inquiry that investigates a contemporary
phenomenon within its real-life context.

27. Three Types of Case Study
•Intrinsic Case Study
•Instrumental Case Study
•Multiple or Collective Case Study

28. A. Intrinsic Case Study
• is conducted to understand a particular case that
may be unsual, unique, or different in some way.
• It does not necessarily represent other cases or a
broader trait or problem for investigation.

29. B. Instrumental Case Study
•the research selects the case because it
represents some other issue under
investigation and the researcher believes this
particular case can help provide insights or
help to understand that issue.

30. C. Multiple or Collective Case Study
• uses several cases selected to further understand and
investigate a phenomenon, population, or general
condition.
• The researcher believes that the phenomenon is not
idiosyncratic to a single unit and studying multiple units
can provide better illumination.

31. 2. Ethnography
• Ethnography emphasizes the observation of details of
everyday life as they naturally unfold in the real world.
This is sometimes called naturalistic research.
• Ethnography is a method of describing a culture or
society. This is primarily used in anthropological
research.

32. 3. Phenomenology
•This research examines the human
experiences through the descriptions
provided by people involve.

33. 3. Phenomenology
•Phenomenology is a school of thought
that emphasizes a focus on people’s
subjective experiences and
interpretations of the world.

34. 3. Phenomenology
•Phenomenologists attempt to
understand those whom they observe
from the subjects’ perspective.

35. 3. Phenomenology
•This outlook is especially pertinent
in social work and research where
empathy and perspective become the
keys to success.

36. 4. Grounded Theory
•This research approach focuses on gathering
data about peoples experiences in a particular
context and then inductively building a theory
“from the bottom up”.

37. 5. Historical Analysis
• A qualitative method where there is an examining of
past events to draw conclusions and make predictions
about future.
• Historical studies are oriented to the past rather than to
the present and thus use different data collection
methods from those used in other qualitative
approaches.

38. 6. Content and Discourse Analysis
• Content Analysis is a research technique that analyzes the
modes of communication such as letters e-mails etc. and tool
focused on the actual content and internal features of media.
• It is used to determine the presence of certain words,
concepts, themes, phrases, characters, or sentences within
texts or sets of texts and to quantify this presence in an
objective manner.

39. 7. Data Collection Procedures
• Data may be collected by interview and observation as the
primary data collection tools, records, or combination of this.
• Data collection usually results in large amounts of hand-written
notes, typed interview transcripts, or video/audio taped
conversation that contain multiple pieces of data to be sorted
and analyzed. This process is initiated by coding and
categorizing.

40. Description of Coding Types Used in
Grounded Theory Studies
• Open Coding
• Axial Coding
• Selective Coding

41. Coding
• the process of labeling and
organizing your qualitative data to
identify different themes and the
relationships between them.

42. Open Coding
• It deals with labeling and categorizing phenomenon in
the data.
• It uses the comparative method.
• Data are broken down by asking what, where, how when,
how much, etc. Similar incidents are grouped together
and given the same conceptual label.

43. Axial Coding
• It is designed to put data back together that were
broken apart in open coding.
• It develops connection between a category and its
subcategories.
• Its purpose is to develop main categories and
subcategories.

44. Selective Coding
• It shows the connections between the discrete
categories.
• Categories that have been developed to build the
theoretical framework are integrated.
• Its purpose is to bring the categories together into an
overall theory.

45. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. HUMAN UNDERSTANDING AND INTERPRETATION
❑Data analysis, through their worldviews, you
come to know what kind of human being
he/she is including his/her values, belief. Likes
and dislikes.

46. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITITATIVE
RESEARCH
2. Active, powerful, and forceful
❑Data gathering
❑Rephrasing interview questions

47. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITITATIVE
RESEARCH
3. Multiple research approaches and methods
❑Allows you to plan your study
❑Being multi-method research

48. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITITATIVE
RESEARCH
4. Specificity to generalizations
❑Specific ideas will lead to generalizations or
conclusions

49. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITITATIVE
RESEARCH
5. Contextualization
❑Context or situation of individuals life

50. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITITATIVE
RESEARCH
6. Diversified data in real-life situations
❑Collecting data in natural setting

51. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITITATIVE
RESEARCH
7. Abounds with words and visuals
❑Presenting peoples view in a picture, video,
drawing or graphs

52. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITITATIVE
RESEARCH
8. Internal analysis
❑Examining the data yielded by the
internal traits of the subject
individuals

53. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITITATIVE
RESEARCH
8. Internal analysis
❑Examining the data yielded by the
internal traits of the subject
individuals