This document discusses various aspects of railway track design including gradients, horizontal and vertical curves, super-elevation, and transition curves. It provides formulas for calculating ruling gradient, super-elevation, safe speeds on curves, and other key design elements. Track must be designed to suit the loads and speeds of trains based on safety and economic standards. Proper gradient, curvature, and super-elevation are necessary for smooth train operation.
Transition curve and Super-elevation
Transition Curve
Objectives of Transition Curve
Properties Of Transition Curve
Types Of Transition Curve
Length Of Transition Curve
Superelevation
Objective of providing superelevation
Advantages of providing superelevation
Superelevation Formula
Numerical
Railway secondary part of the transportation . Railway use of maximum materials transport of one place to other place. Particular time of number of trains are move of particular junction so these part are used of points and crossing.
Best helpful of these ppt of railway track and design purposes.
Friction Considerations : The friction of skid resistance between vehicle tyre and pavement surface is one of the factors determining the operating speed and the minimum distance requires for stopping of vehicles.
Unevenness : The longitudinal profile of the road pavement has to be even' in order to provide a good riding comfort to fast moving vehicles
Light Reflecting Characteristics : Night visibility depends upon the colour and light reflecting characteristics of the pavement surface. The glare caused by the reflection of head lights is considerably high on wet pavement surface than on the dry pavement.
Drainage of Surface Water
Transition curve and Super-elevation
Transition Curve
Objectives of Transition Curve
Properties Of Transition Curve
Types Of Transition Curve
Length Of Transition Curve
Superelevation
Objective of providing superelevation
Advantages of providing superelevation
Superelevation Formula
Numerical
Railway secondary part of the transportation . Railway use of maximum materials transport of one place to other place. Particular time of number of trains are move of particular junction so these part are used of points and crossing.
Best helpful of these ppt of railway track and design purposes.
Friction Considerations : The friction of skid resistance between vehicle tyre and pavement surface is one of the factors determining the operating speed and the minimum distance requires for stopping of vehicles.
Unevenness : The longitudinal profile of the road pavement has to be even' in order to provide a good riding comfort to fast moving vehicles
Light Reflecting Characteristics : Night visibility depends upon the colour and light reflecting characteristics of the pavement surface. The glare caused by the reflection of head lights is considerably high on wet pavement surface than on the dry pavement.
Drainage of Surface Water
The clear distance ahead of vehicle which is visible to the driver is known as sight distance
The minimum distance within which a driver can safely stop his vehicle without any collision with some vehicle, animal or any other object is known as stopping sight distance.
The clear distance ahead of vehicle which is visible to the driver is known as sight distance
The minimum distance within which a driver can safely stop his vehicle without any collision with some vehicle, animal or any other object is known as stopping sight distance.
Alternative Approach to Permanent way Alignment DesignConstantin Ciobanu
The speaker presented a comparison between the Track
alignment design approach based on NR standards and the one based on the European Norms and the Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI), highlighting the main area where these approaches are different and touching the subject of the safety design factors embedded in the track alignment design
procedures.
The main topics:
Cant parameters definition, the origin of the 11.82 cant constant. ways of applying cant.
Track geometry recording. Quality Standard deviation. Inherent standard deviation. The advantage of using rolling SDs. Quality bands for low and high speed.
Cant over a reverse transition - the orphan rule of lifting the reversing point to improve the quality of riding.
Designing a sudden change in curvature. Virtual transition - TRK2049. The rules of the European Norm for track geometry EN 13803-1&2
The significance of transition shift.
This presentation is made as per Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, lonere,Raigadh,Maharashtra. syllabus.
Useful for mechanical, automobile engineering students.
SO learn, do study .
suggestions are welcome
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I acknowledge the co-author Ms. Sethulakshmi G (Ph. D. Scholar, NIT Surathkal) for her valuable contribution to this presentation.
Weigh-in-motion systems are used to determine the weight of vehicle while it is in motion. It is used for vehicle overweight enforcement. Various classifications and types of WIM systems - pavement-based, bridge-based, low-speed and high-speed WIM etc are included. Status of WIM implementation in India is also stated in the presentation
This is a project work to compare the geotechnical properties of termite soil and its surrounding parent soil. This paper is presented in National Conference: Advanced Research In Civil Engineering 2016
Include important information on many conventions organized internationally towards the objective of having a better environment and society. Also covers various protocols on environment issues
Include various climatic factors affecting the flexible and rigid pavements such as variation in moisture content, frost action, variation in temperature etc.
About design of Expressways in India based on SP 99-2013. It covers aspects such as design speed, horizontal and vertical alignment, structures such as overbridge, underbridge, cross-sectional features, median, etc.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
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using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
4. Straight track
• Defective:-
o Cross-levels
o Alignment
o Gauge
o Joints
Curved track
• Improper super-elevation, curve radius & speed
• Unequal distribution of load on two rails
Railway tracks should be designed to suit the load & speed of
trains & should meet the safety and economic standards
5. Gradient
• Departure of track from the level
• Rate of rise or fall of track in the direction of movement
• Rising gradient & Falling gradient
Measurement of gradient
i. By extent of rise/fall in 100 units horizontal distance
ii. Horizontal distance travelled for a rise/fall in 1 unit
50m
2m
Gradient is 4 % or
1 in 25
6. Ruling Gradient
Momentum Gradient
Pusher or Helper Gradient
Gradients at Station Yards
7. Maximum gradient allowed on the track section
Decide the max. load that an engine can haul
Used for design purposes
Gentle slope is most desirable
Must be followed by a falling gradient
Terrain Ruling Gradient
Plain 1 in 150 to 1 in 200
Hilly 1 in 100 to 1 in 150
8. Extra pull required to climb gradient, :
• Q: Find the additional force required for the locomotive of
the train weighing 500 tonnes, to negotiate a rise of 1m in
200m.
W = 500 tonnes, gradient = 1/200
Extra pull = 500 x (1/200) = 2.5 tonnes
9. More steeper than ruling gradient, but do not
determine the max. load of train
Train need to acquire sufficient momentum to
negotiate this gradient before reaching it
• E.g.:- Rising gradient provided after a falling gradient in
valleys. Additional kinetic energy or momentum required
to overcome the steeper gradient is attained in the falling
gradient section
Signals should not be provided at momentum
gradients
10. Ajmer - Mysore Bi -Weekly Express at Bhairnayakanahalli Karnataka,
South Western Railways
[ Video: https://youtu.be/bb-FhOQm4ks ]
11. Important in mountainous regions
Necessary to reduce length of track
If the grade is concentrated in a specific section,
instead of limiting the train load by providing ruling
gradient, it is easy & economical to arrange for an
assisting engine for the portion where the gradient is
severe, so that train can carry desired load on
remaining portion of track. Such gradients are called
“Pusher or Helper Gradients”
12. Should be sufficiently low:
• To prevent movement of standing vehicles
• To prevent additional resistance due to grade on starting
vehicles
Minimum gradient is required for drainage
Max. permissible gradient 1 in 400
Min. 1 in 1000 for drainage
13. Provided if a curve lies on a ruling gradient
Resistance due to both gradient & curvature
To avoid resistance beyond allowable limits,
gradients are reduced on curves & this reduction in
gradient is called Grade Compensation for Curves
Curve resistance is greater at lower speeds
Gauge Grade Compensation
B.G. 0.04% per degree of curve or 70/R
M.G. 0.03% per degree of curve or 52.5/R
N.G. 0.02% per degree of curve or 35/R
14. • Q: What should be the actual ruling gradient, if the ruling
gradient is 1 in 200 on a B.G. track and a curve of 3 is
superimposed on it ?
Ruling gradient = 1 in 200 = 0.50%
Degree of curve = 3
Grade Compensation = 0.04% per degree of curve
= 0.04 x 3 = 0.12%
Actual ruling gradient = 0.5 – 0.12 = 0.38% or 1 in 264
15. Necessity of Curves
• To connect important places
• To avoid obstructions
• To have longer and easier gradients
• To balance earthwork in excavation and cutting
• Minimize construction cost
Objections for providing curves
• Speed is to be restricted
• Possibility of accident/ derailment/ collision
• Unequal distribution of loads on rails
• More fittings are needed to prevent lateral bending of rails
16. Horizontal Curves
• Provided when there is change in alignment of the track
• Circular or parabolic transition curves are provided at
either ends
Vertical Curves
• Provided when there is change in gradient
• Parabolic curves
17. Simple Curve
• An arc of a circle
Compound Curve
• Composed of two or more simple curves of different radii
• Have a common tangent at the point of common radius
Parabolic Curves
• Used for vertical curves
• Can be easily laid by offset method
Transition Curves
18. Speed which is safe from the danger of overturning
and derailment with a certain margin of safety
Depends on:-
• Strength of track and power of locomotive
• Gauge of the track
• Radius of curve
• Super-elevation
• Presence/absence of transition curves
19. Marin’s formulae for safe speed on curves
A. When transition curves exists
o For B.G. & M.G. :-
o For N.G. :-
o Maximum = 50 km/h
V - speed in km/h
R - Radius of curve in m
20. B. Transition curves are absent
o Speed is reduced by 20% i.e. (4/5) of speed calculated in Step-A
o For B.G. & M.G. :-
o For N.G.:-
o Max. speed = 40 km/h
C. For high speeds (V > 100 km/h)
21. Degree of curve (D) is defined as the angle
subtended at the center by a chord of length 100ft or
30.48m
D
R
30m
Circular curve
Center of circular
curve
22. Curves with smallest radius & largest degree of
curvature are restricted on the basis of two factors:-
• Wheel base: If degree of curve is large than for the length
of wheel base which forms a chord of curve, vehicle does
not run freely round the curve and is liable to derailment
• Sharpness of curve: Greater effort is required on sharp
curves in hauling the vehicles than on straights
Super-elevation also increases with degree of curve
and should be limited to keep vehicles stable
Track Max. Degree of Curve, D () Min. Radius, R (m)
B.G. 10 175
M.G. 16 109
N.G. 40 44
23. Vehicle negotiating a curve is subjected to centrifugal
force acting radially outwards
Increases weight on outer rail
Provided to counteract the centrifugal force
Super-elevation (e) : Raising the level of outer rail
above the inner rail at a horizontal curve so as to
introduce centripetal force
Equalize the weight on either rail
24. Necessity of providing super-elevation on curves
• To counteract centrifugal force
• For faster movement of trains on curves
• Reduce wear and creep of rails
• Equal distribution of wheel loads on two rails
• To provide an even and smooth running track to ensure
comfortable ride to passengers & safe movement of goods
25. W = weight of vehicle, kg
v = speed of vehicle, m/s
V = speed of vehicle, km/h
R = radius of curve, m
G = gauge of track, m
g = acceleration due to gravity
= angle of inclination
S = length of inclined surface, m
27. Equilibrium Cant: When lateral forces and wheel
loads are almost equal, the cant is said to be in
equilibrium. It is provided on the basis of avg. speed
of trains.
Super-elevation should be provided in such a way
that faster trains may travel safely without the
danger of overturning or discomfort to the
passengers & slower trains may run safely without
fear of derailment due to excessive super-elevation
28. Equilibrium Speed or Avg. Speed for B.G. & M.G. Track
A. When max. sanctioned speed (Vmax > 50 km/h), avg. speed
is least of the below two:-
o Avg. speed = 0.75 x Vmax , subject to max. speed of 50 km/h
o Safe speed on curve given by Martin’s formula
B. When Vmax 50 km/h, avg. speed is least of below two:-
o Avg. speed = Vmax
o Safe speed on curve given by Martin’s formula
C. Weighted avg. equilibrium speed
29. Max. value of super-elevation is 1/10
th
of gauge
Super-elevation should be provided smoothly &
uniformly using transition curves
Super-elevation varies from zero at the beginning of
transition curve to full amount at junction of
transition curve & circular curve
Track Max. Super-elevation (cm)
B.G. 16.5
M.G. 10
N.G. 7.6
30. Difference between equilibrium cant necessary for
the max. permissible speed on a curve and the actual
cant provided
Cant deficiency is limited due to two reasons:
• Higher cant deficiency cause higher discomfort
• Higher cant deficiency cause extra pressure & lateral force
on outer rails
Track Max. Cant Deficiency (cm)
B.G. 7.6 cm
M.G. 5.1 cm
N.G. 3.8 cm
31. Max. permissible speed on curve is the minimum of
below:-
A. Max. sanctioned speed of the section
B. Safe speed over that curve given by Martin’s formula
C. Speed based on the consideration of equilibrium cant
D. Speed from the length of transition curve (L)
o For normal speed upto 100km/h
o For high speeds above 100km/h
e, D in mm
32. Occur when a branch line diverges out of main line
For main line curve, outer rail
AC must be higher than inner
rail BD; i.e. A is higher than B
For branch line curve, outer rail
BF should be higher than inner
rail AE; i.e. B is higher than A
This contrary conditions
cannot be met at same time
33. Outer rail BF, for branch line curve is kept lower than
its inner rail AE
Branch line curve will have a negative super-elevation
Speed on both tracks are to be restricted
• Q: If an 8 curve track diverges from a main curve of 5 in an
opposite direction in the layout of a B.G. yard. Calculate the
super-elevation and the speed on the branch line, if the
max. speed permitted on the main line is 45km/h.
34. i. Calculate equilibrium cant
G = 1.676, V = 45km/h, D = 5
ii. Deduct permissible cant deficiency from equilibrium cant
Permissible cant deficiency for B.G. track = 7.6cm
Cant for main track = 7.78 – 7.6 = 0.18cm
35. iii. Difference of equilibrium cant and permissible cant
deficiency will give negative super-elevation for branch
Negative cant provided for branch track = – 0.18cm
iv. Calculate restricted speed on curved track by adding
permissible cant deficiency and negative cant
Cant provided = 7.6 + (– 0.18) = 7.42cm
Permissible speed on branch line:
36. Practice Question 1
• Q: What is the equilibrium cant on a 2 curve on a B.G.
track, if 15 trains, 10 trains, 5 trains and 2 trains are
running at speeds of 50km/h, 60km/h, 70km/h and
80km/h respectively ?
Weighted avg. speed = 58.125km/h
Equilibrium cant = 5.40cm
37. Practice Question 2
• Q: On a B.G. track equilibrium cant is provided for a speed
of 70km/h.
(a) Calculate equilibrium cant
(b) Allowing a maximum cant deficiency, what would be
the max. permissible speed on the track
Equilibrium cant, e = 11.25cm
Theoretical cant = 11.25 + 7.60 = 18.85cm
Permissible speed, V = 90.5km/h 37 90km/h
38. Practice Question 3
• Q: Calculate max. permissible speed on a curve of high
speed B.G. track having the following particulars:
Degree of curve = 1
Super-elevation = 8 cm
Length of transition curve = 130m
Max. sanctioned speed = 153km/h
Radius = 1720m
i. Safe speed = 190 km/h
ii. Speed from super-elevation consideration = 153km/h
iii. Speed from length of transition curve = 257km/h
iv. Sanctioned speed = 153km/h
Max. permissible speed = 153km/h 150km/h
39. Introduced between straight & circular curve or
between two branches of compound curve
Radius decreases from infinity to the radius of
circular curve
Also known as “spiral or easement curve”
Used for gently introducing the super-elevation so as
to avoid jerks or jolt due to sudden change in
curvature
40. Primary Objects of Providing Transition Curve
• To decrease radius of curve gradually from infinity at the
straight to that of circular curve
• To attain gradual rise for desired super-elevation
Secondary Objects of Providing Transition Curve
• Gradual increase or decrease of centrifugal force on the
vehicle, provide smooth running and comfort to passengers
• No sudden application or release of force & hence the
chances of derailment are reduced
41. Requirements of Ideal Transition Curve
• Should be perfectly tangential to the straight
• Curvature of transition curve should conform with that of
circular curve
• Length of transition curve should be such that curvature
may increase at the same rate as the super-elevation
• Transition curve should join the circular arc tangentially
42. Spiral Curve
• Ideal curve
• Satisfies all the requirements of transition curve
• Radius of curvature,
• Rate of change of acceleration is uniform
Cubic Parabola
• Rate of decrease of radius of curvature is low from 4 to
9, but beyond 9 there is rapid increase in radius of
curvature
43. Bernoulli’s Lemniscates
• Radius decreases as the length of increases
• Radial acceleration goes on falling, but the fall is not
uniform beyond 30 deflection angle
44. It is the length along the centre line of the track from
its meeting point with the straight to that of the
circular curve
Half of this length is provided in the straight and half
in the curve
45. Length of transition curve is greatest of following:-
• Approach-1
A. Based on arbitrary gradient (1 in 720)
B. Based on rate of change of cant deficiency
C. Based on rate of change of super-elevation
46. • Approach-2
A. As per Railway Code
B. At the rate of change of super-elevation of 1 in 360 i.e., 1 cm for
every 3.6m
C. Rate of change of cant deficiency is not exceeded
D. Based on rate of change of radial acceleration – with radial
acceleration of 0.3048m/sec2
47. Change in gradient of the track forms a vertical kink
at the junction
Kink is smoothened by curves
Parabolic curves are used
Length of vertical curve depends on algebraic
difference in grades & rate of change of gradient
Two types
• Summit Curves
• Sag or Valley Curves
48. Rate of change of grade = 0.1% or 1 in 1000m
49. Rate of change of grade = 0.05% or 1 in 2000m
50. Due to rigidity of wheel base
Outer wheel of front axle strikes the outer rail
Outer wheel of inner axle bears a gap with the outer
rail
Provision for this gap is made by widening the gauge
B = Rigid wheel base, m
R = radius of curve, m
L = lap of flanges, m
d = extra width of gauge, cm
h = depth of wheel flange below rail
top level, cm
D = diameter of wheel, cm
51. Original curve is shifted inwards by some distance
Occur when a transition curve is fitted in between
straight and circular curve
Shift: Distance by which the circular curve is shifted
to a new position
For cubic parabola,
S = shift, m
L = length of transition curve, m
R = radius of circular curve, m
52. Distance between inner edges of wheel flanges is
kept 1cm less than gauge (running edge of rail) on
either side
Tread of wheels is at dead center of head of rail
Wheel is coned to keep in central position
Wheels are coned at a slope of 1: 20
Advantages
• Reduce the wear and tear of wheel flanges & rails
• Provide lateral movement of axle
• Prevent slipping
53.
54. Level Track
• As axle moves towards one rail, diameter of wheel tread
increases, while it decreases over the other rail
• Prevents further movement and retreats back to original
position, with equal diameter and pressure n both rails
Curved Track
• Due to rigidity, wheels slip by an amount equal to
difference of length or axle slightly move outwards to
provide a tread of longer diameter over outer rail and
smaller diameter over the inner rail
55. • If tread diameter on both rails
are same, amount of slip is
given by
• For G = 1.676m & = 1
56. Issues due to coning of wheels
• Pressure on outer rail is more resulting in wear
• Horizontal component of centrifugal force turn the rail out
• Gauge has widening tendency
• If base plate is not used under the voids, sleeper under the
edge of rail are damaged
Tilting of rails is done to avoid these issues
Base plate or sleeper is not laid horizontal, but at a
slope of 1 in 20 inwards
Also called “Adzing of Sleepers”
Super-elevation provided for a particular speed will not suit for any other speed. At higher speeds, the centrifugal force will not be counter-balanced and will result in overturning of vehicles, while at lower speeds, the tilt of vehicles towards the inside for not having been completely counter-balanced by the centrifugal force, may result in derailment
n1, n2, ... are the no. of trains running at speeds V1, V2, .... N = total no. of trains
Eqbm cant is provided on the basis of eqbm speed of different trains. But this eqbm cant falls short of that required for the high speed trains. This shortage of cant is called cant deficiency
D. Lesser of the two equations
y = perpendicular offset of T.C. at a distance x from the commencement of curve
x = distance of any point on the tangent from the commencement of curve
L = total length of T.C.
R = radius of circular curve
v = 0.278 V
V in km/h
v in m/s
L & R in m
E, D in cm