The document discusses various issues related to transportation such as increased traffic, congestion, accidents, and lack of coordination between transportation systems. It proposes some solutions like constructing new roads, reducing traffic by promoting alternative transportation, and increasing existing infrastructure capacity through intelligent transportation systems (ITS). ITS is defined as the application of advanced technologies like electronics, computers, communication and sensing devices to improve transportation system efficiency and safety. Benefits of ITS include reduced delays, travel time, fuel consumption and air pollution while increasing road user convenience and satisfaction.

1. VIJAI KRISHNAN V
M. Tech
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology
Kottayam, Kerala

2. Issues in Transportation..?
 Increased number of vehicles
 Congestion – pollution, travel time and cost
 Increased accident rates – driver, road, weather,
vehicle
 Real time and accurate data collection
 Lack of co-ordination b/w transportation systems
 Emergency assistance

3. Possible solutions...?
1. Construct new roads
 Expensive – 8-9Cr./km for NH
 Land
 Political issues
2. Reduce traffic
 Alternate transports – Railways, Metro, Mono-rail
 Expensive
3. Increase existing infrastructure capacity
 ITS

4. Intelligent Transportation System
(ITS)
 Application of Internet of Things (IoT)
ITS
Integrated application of advanced technologies using
electronics, computers, communication & sensing devices in
transportation system in order to improve efficiency & safety.

5. Benefits of ITS
 Secure, safe and comfortable movement of road users
 Reduce - Delay and congestion
- Travel time
- Waiting time at signals
- Queue length at signals
- Fuel consumption
- Air pollution
 Increase convenience and road user satisfaction
 Parking information, guidance & alerts to drivers

7. 1. Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)
2. Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)
3. Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)
4. Advanced Public Transport Systems (APTS)
5. Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)
6. Emergency Management Systems (EMS)
7. Electronic Payment (EP)

8. Advanced Traffic Management
System (ATMS)
Strategy Description Requirement
Incident
Management
Early detection & response to
unscheduled events
• Incident detection / confirmation
• Emergency response / motorist
assistance
• Pre-trip and en-route advisory
Corridor
Management
Balancing level of service
among alternate parallel
routes within a corridor
• Event and travel time monitoring
• Pre-trip and en-route advisory
Network
Management
Balancing level of service
within the network as a
function of current conditions
• Event and travel time monitoring
• Pre-trip and en-route advisory
Travel Demand
Management
Improving traffic flow by
managing travel demand
• Congestion pricing
• Ramp metering
Congestion
Management
Mitigating the impacts of
recurring and non-recurring
congestion
• Congestion monitoring
• Pre-trip and en-route advisory
• Lane & Ramp metering

9.  Objectives of ATMS
i. Increase average travel speed
ii. Reduce vehicle delays
iii. Decrease average travel time
iv. Reduce number of collisions
v. Improve incident detection system
vi. Reduce incident duration
vii. Increase field equipment utilization
viii. Reduce secondary incidents
ix. Improve driver response

10. Advanced Traveler Information
System (ATIS)
 Pre-trip Information
 Provides - Real flow condition
- Alternate routes
- Scheduled road construction &
maintenance
 Helps to decide - Time of departure
- Mode & route to be used
 Economical & comfortable planning of the journey

12.  Route guidance & Navigation:
 Instruct upcoming turns & maneuvers
 Saves fuel and reduce congestion

13.  On-trip Driver Information
 Information after starting the trip
 Variable Message Signs
 Car radio
 Portable communication devices

14.  Parking Information

15.  Public Transport Information

16. Advanced Vehicle Control Systems
(AVCS)
 Vision Enhancement
 Passive & Active Systems
 HUD
 Range – 300 m
 JLR’s “Follow-me Ghost Car”

17. Night Vision Assist IR
Camera
NVA IR Projector
Headlamps
LCD - Pedestrian
Detection

18.  Automated Vehicle Operation
 Senses the environment & navigate without human
input
 Uses Radar, Laser, GPS, Sensors, Computer vision etc

20.  Benefits:-
 Increases safety, mobility & customer satisfaction
 Reduce accidents
 Enhance mobility for children, the elderly & disabled people
 Relieve travelers from driving and navigation
 Lower fuel consumption
 Reduce labour cost

21.  Collision Avoidance
 Uses radar, laser, camera and GPS
1. Longitudinal
 Head-on collision warning
 Rear-end collision warning
 Adaptive cruise control
 Autonomous Emergency Braking

22. Collision Warning

23. 2. Lateral
 Lane departure warning

24.  Blind spot situation display

25. 3. Intersection Collision Avoidance
 V2V Communication
 V2I Communication

27.  Pre-Crash Restraint Deployment
 Hold people in their seat and prevent from being injured
during collision
 Automatic seat-belts:- pre-tensioners
 Airbags:– thin nylon fabric – inflate on impact – 80 ms

28.  Safety Readiness
 Provide information on the vehicle condition
 Coolant level
 Engine oil and brake fluid levels
 Tyre pressure
 Malfunction warnings
 Seat-belt warning
 Door open warnings
 Over speed warnings

29. Advanced Public Transport System
(APTS)
 Public Transport Management
 Provide real time analysis of vehicles and facilities
 GPS-based Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)
 Identifies deviation from schedules
 Assure transfer connection between vehicles and modes
 Computer-aided dispatch (CAD)
 Automatic Passenger counting
 Real-time & Web-based passenger information
 Traffic Signal Priority integration
 Next stop automated vehicle annunciation

31.  Benefits
 Enhance operating efficiency
 Increase service reliability
 Reduce commute time

32.  Shared Transport Management
 Share the vehicle and cost for journey
 Hybrid b/w private vehicle and mass transit
 Car and van pooling
 Shared taxis
 Reduce GHG emissions

33. Commercial Vehicle Operations
(CVO)
• Enhance safety and efficiency of goods vehicle
• Control or prevent theft of goods
• Monitor movement of vehicles
• Automatic vehicle clearance at check-post/toll plazas

34.  CV Pre-clearance
 Safety status, vehicle credentials, size and weight
 Only illegal vehicles separated for inspection
 Automatic Vehicle Identification
 RFID
 WIM
 ANPR Camera
 GST
 VAAHAN Portal, MoRTH

35.  CV On-board Safety Monitoring
 Monitor speed, acceleration, braking force
 Forward Collision Warning system to avoid tailgating
 Roll Stability Advisor (RSA) records high lateral forces
on curves to avoid rollover
 Lane change/departure warning
 ABS
 Autonomous Emergency Braking
 “Intelli-seat” by IIT Madras
 Driver drowsiness warning system
 CCTV camera to avoid blind spot
 Cruise control

36.  CV On-board Fleet Management
 GPS tracking
 Mileage and fuel consumption
 Driver behavior – training to dangerous & inefficient
drivers
 Remote Vehicle Disabling System – prevent stealing

38.  Automated Roadside Safety Inspection
 Weigh-in-Motion
 Automated thermal imaging system
 Under vehicle area scanning
 Tyre Anomaly and Classification System

40. Emergency Management System
(EMS)
 Emergency Notification and Personal Security
 Notify appropriate emergency response personnel
regarding the need for assistance in case of emergency
 Driver & Personal Security – user initiated
 Automated Collision Notification

42.  Emergency Vehicle Management
 Reduce time b/w notification & arrival at incident
location
 Identify most closest & appropriate response vehicle
 Route guidance
 Signal priority & pre-emption
 Traffitizer

44. Electronic Payment
 Electronic Financial Transactions
 Electronic Toll Collection – FastTag
 Electronic Road Pricing/Congestion Pricing
 Automatic Fare Collection (AFC),

47. 1. Wireless Communications
2. Computational Technologies
3. Floating Car/Floating Cellular Data
4. Sensing Technologies
5. Inductive Loop Detection
6. Video Vehicle Detection
7. Bluetooth Detection

48. Wireless Communication
 Radio Modem Communication
 UHF and VHF
 Range: 10-40 miles
 Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)
 V2V & V2I communication
 Range: 350m
 Fast & high reliability
 RFID in ETC

49.  Long Range Communication
 Provide continuous communication
 WiMAX – 30 miles (50km)
 GSM or 3G
 Requires extensive and expensive infrastructure
 eCall

50. Computational Technologies
 Use model-based process control & AI
 Requires real time operating systems, costly micro-
processors, memory and hardware – installed in
vehicles
 Eg:- Advance Driver Assistance Systems

51. Floating Car Data/Floating Cellular
Data
 To determine traffic speed
 Uses cellular data, to detect :
 Direction of travel
 Speed
 Travel time
 Congestion
 No additional hardware required on road

52. Sensing Technologies
 Sensors include
 Seismic, thermal, IR, acoustic, magnetic etc
 Capable to monitor
 Temperature, humidity, pressure, vehicle movement,
noise, speed, direction etc
 Low cost and low power
 Enhance safety
 Eg:- RFID, micro-chips

53. Inductive Loop Detection
 Change in magnetic flux induce electric current in a
wire
 Cost-effective technique
 Used to
 Vehicle count
 Speed
 Length
 Class of vehicle
 Detect the presence of vehicles

54. Video Vehicle Detection
 Used for
 Traffic-flow Measurement
 Automatic Incident Detection
 Vehicle Counting
 Lane occupancy measurement
 Gap & headway
 Detecting wrong-way vehicles
 Lane-by-lane vehicle speed measurement
 Reduces cost for data collection
 Eg:- ANPR Camera, CCTVs

55. Bluetooth Detection
 Short range communication
 Accurate & inexpensive
 Used for
 Travel time measurement
 OD Matrix data collection

59. 1. Video Surveillance System (CCTV)
2. Video Incident Detection System (VDIS)
3. Vehicle Actuated Speed Display
4. Emergency Road Side Telephone System
5. Variable Message Sign
6. Meteorological Data System (MET)
7. Weigh-in-Motion System
8. Automatic Traffic Counter-cum-Classifier
(ATCC)
9. Network/Communication Infrastructure
10. Mobile Radio Communication System
11. ATMS Control Centre

60. Video Surveillance System (CCTV)
 Monitor vehicular & road related activity
 Colour, shape and vehicle class – 1000m ahead
 IR filter & Internal heater
 Communication – Wired Ethernet/OFC/WiFi

61. Video Incident Detection System
(VIDS)
 Automatic detection of incidents and generation of
visual alerts or alarms
 Warning to nearby travelers / road-users
 Detect incidents like:-
 Vehicle in wrong directions
 Stalled vehicles
 Queuing up of vehicles
 Obstructing objects on roads
 Poor visibility (smog/dust/fog)

62. Vehicle Actuated Speed Display
 Warn over-speeding
 Radar actuated speed display + CCTV camera
 Speed range: 1 – 200km/h
 Min. monitoring section length: 500m

63. Emergency Roadside Telephone
System
 To make emergency calls to report incidents
 Hands-free operation – built in speaker & mic
 Activate/Call button to initiate call
 Dial each number in sequence
 Record message, if lines are busy
 2km interval

64. Variable Message Signs (VMS)
 Advance information of road conditions ahead
 Road incidents
 Special events
 Construction or maintenance activities on road
 Advises to opt alternate route
 Not for advertising
 1 - 1.5km prior to decision point

66. Weigh-in-Motion
 To log, monitor & enforce load criteria
 ANPR Camera
 Indicate - vehicle class
- breach of length & weight

67. Meteorological Data System (MET)
 Wind sensors – velocity & direction
 Visibility sensors – precipitation, fog, dust storm
 Atmospheric sensors – ambient temperature & relative
humidity
 Road condition sensors – road surface temperature

68. Automatic Traffic Counter-cum-
Classifier (ATCC)
 Identify, classify & record all types of vehicles
 Informs current traffic conditions – VMS & Mob. Apps
 To perform statistical analysis
 Piezo-electric sensors & inductive loops
 Time/date
 Speed
 Direction
 No. of axles
 Axle spacing

69. Mobile Radio Communication
System
 Wireless communication b/w ATMS Control Centre &
Vehicle Mounted Units for Emergency response
 Ambulances, Cranes & Patrolling vehicles
 Vehicle mounted unit integrated with GPS

70. Travel Time Estimation System
 To estimate travel time b/w two defined locations on a
highway segment
 Matching RFID read at source(start) with that at
destination(end of segment) and calculating the time
difference
 Toll plazas – 500 m either side

71. Network Infrastructure for Data
Communication
 Connectivity b/w ATMS Control Centre and outdoor
equipment

72. ATMS Control Centre
 All activities of ATMS are controlled
 Safety/Enforcement related alerts & reports
 Equipment related alerts / reports
 Sub-system related alerts & events
 Displayed on Video wall
 App for road users, enforcement, route patrol agencies

73.  Components:
 Central Computer Server
 Emergency call management equipment & software
 Integrated Traffic Management console
 ATMS Software
 Mobile radio operator & configuration equipment &
software
 Communication equipment & Network Management
System
 Uninterrupted power supply

77. Red Light Violation Detection
(RLVD)
 Detect and store red light jumping vehicle
 Reduce accident at intersection by enforcement
 ANPR Camera
 Integrated with RTO Database
 Offended vehicle’s driver is booked for punishment

79. Safety features in new vehicles
 Hill descent & ascent control
 ABS with EBD
 TCS
 ESP
 Airbags
 Automatic /AMT Transmission
 Emergency Braking
 Reverse Park Assist
 Auto-dim & dynamic cornering headlights

80. Contd...
 Rain sensing wipers
 Speed sensing door locks
 Navigation systems
 Voice recognition
 Speed governors

81. Issues in Implementing ITS in India
 Resistance from professional drivers and unions
 Hacking
 Terrorism
 High equipment and maintenance cost
 Lack of interest & user awareness

82.  Heterogeneous traffic

83.  No lane discipline

84. Conclusions
 Benefits and need of ITS
 Areas of ITS
 Technologies used in ITS
 ITS implementation in India – systems & challenges