Public Cyclone Shelters in Queensland, Australia, Peter James MULLINS
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6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
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Public Cyclone Shelters in Queensland, Australia, Peter James MULLINS
- 1. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Public Cyclone Shelters in Queensland, Australia Dr Peter Mullins Director, Mullins Consulting Hon. Assoc. Prof., The University of Queensland
- 2. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Australian tropical cyclones • Tropical cyclones impact coastal northern Australia Track Map 2nd Feb 2011 Track Map
- 3. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Australia’s most significant tropical cyclone Darwin – TC Tracy – Christmas Day 1974 • Wind gusts to 250 km/hr • 71 deaths • Majority of houses destroyed • More than 40,000 homeless • ¾ of the Darwin’s population evacuated Profoundly changed Australia’s perception of the threat of tropical cyclones. • Cyclone region building standards developed • Social aspects included in disaster planning
- 4. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Queensland tropical cyclones • Queensland’s coastal community is the largest population in Australia impacted by tropical cyclones TC Yasi 2nd Feb 2011 Australian Government – Bureau of Meteorology - 2Feb11 02.32 UTC • Yasi is one of the most powerful cyclones to have impacted the Qld coastline in recorded history. • Forecast as Cat 5 on landfall at South Mission Beach. • Estimated actual wind speed greater than 220 km/hr • Eye passed over Tully. • Wind gusts greater than 140km/hr from Townsville to Innisfail a distance of 250km.
- 5. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Comparison of building standards – Tully after TC Yasi Old construction - Built before 1980 Estimated gust wind speed < 200 km/hr New construction - Built after 1980 - Design wind speed 250 km/hr
- 6. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org People you need to evacuate • • Storm tide inundation zones • Vulnerable older houses Yeppoon TC Marcia Feb 2015 Kurramine Beach TC Larry March 2006 Cardwell TC Yasi Feb 2011
- 7. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Storm tide • Storm tide is the combination of a storm surge, the normal astronomical tide, and wave setup. Reference: Tropical Cyclone Yasi 2011 Post Cyclone Coastal Field Investigation Nov 2012 Queensland Government, Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts.
- 8. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Shelter options EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 • Leave • Shelter in home built after 1980 • Shelter in public buildings Innisfail TC Yasi Feb 2011 Cairns TC Yasi 2011
- 9. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Public buildings – Built before 1980 EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Tully Senior Citizen Hall TC Yasi Feb 2011 Innisfail SHS TC Larry 2006 Innisfail SHS TC Larry 2006
- 10. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Purpose built cyclone shelters EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Redlynch SC – Indoor sports Tully SS – Indoor sports Innisfail SHS Performing Arts Proserpine SS – Indoor sports
- 11. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Public Cyclone Shelter - Design EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 • Siting • Design actions • Building elements • Access, occupancy and egress • Fire safety • Health and amenity • Ancillary provisions
- 12. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Siting EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 • Storm tide hazard (above 1:10,000 storm tide evacuation zone) • River and creek flood (above 1: 500 river or creek flood) • Landslip hazard (risk to life very low, to property low or very low) • Proximal hazards (away from tall structures, trees, hazardous materials) • Vehicle and pedestrian corridors (accessible to community) • Limited use helicopter landing site (eg. sports oval)
- 13. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Storm tide hazard EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Above the evacuation zone for the 1 in 10,000 storm tide Uncertainty in cyclone track – location and time – increases evacuation zone. Forecast storm tide is based upon the highest tide of the day. Hence the storm tide evacuation zone is larger than the area inundated.
- 14. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Design actions EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 • Wind speed (Gust wind speed V10,000 = 306 km/hr) • Wind borne debris (external fabric to resist) • Permanent and imposed • Earthquake • Wave and flood flow (applicable to lower levels of a shelter on a sloping site with access to ground beyond the evacuation zone and flood inundation)
- 15. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Wind borne debris EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Impact load A - 100x50 timber member of 4kg mass impacting at: 0.4 V10,000 horizontal trajectory (122km/hr) 0.1 V10,000 vertical trajectory (31km/hr) Kurrimine Beach TC Larry 2006 Innisfail SHS TC Larry 2006 Impact load B - 8mm diameter steel balls impacting at: 0.4 V10,000 horizontal trajectory (122km/hr) 0.3 V10,000 vertical trajectory (92km/hr)
- 16. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Wind borne debris tests – Doors EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 solid core door 50mm plywood door steel clad door 4kg impacting at 122 km/hr
- 17. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Wind borne debris tests – Debris Screen
- 18. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Building elements EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 • Roof • External walls & doors • Debris screens, windows and louvers • Internal ceilings, partitions and doors • Site drainage • Element certification and testing
- 19. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Roof EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Designed to resist wind and wind borne debris (Roof slope < 10 degrees to avoid horizontal trajectory debris missile). Wind pressures can be reduced by roof geometry at corners
- 20. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Debris screens – Windows and louvers EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015
- 21. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Internal ceilings partitions and doors EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Suspended ceiling hanger rods do not resist positive internal pressure. X Ceilings and internal partitions must be able to resist internal wind pressures. Ventilation grills in doors and hatches in ceilings can be used to reduce differential internal pressures on ceilings and internal partitions.
- 22. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Access, occupancy and egress EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 • Location and building signage • Access and safe movement • People with disabilities • Occupancy (1 person per 1.2m2 of shelter floor area, 50 people per toilet) • Occupancy duration (Pre lockdown period ≤ 12 hrs, Lockdown period ≤ 18 hrs, After lockdown ≤ 6 hrs) (Lockdown is the period when the wind gusts ≥ 100km/hr and it is unsafe outside) • Egress
- 23. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Egress EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Additional restraints fitted to the lock side of doors to resist wind suction, must be locked open and the key secured so as not to compromise safe egress during the building’s normal use.
- 24. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Fire safety EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 • Fire resistance and stability • Compartmentation and separation • Smoke detection and alarm system • Fire hose reels • Automatic fire suppression system • Fire extinguishers Due to the difficulty of evacuation during lockdown shelter fire safety provisions for detection, containment and early suppression are enhanced.
- 25. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Compartmentation and separation EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Diesel generator, emergency lighting batteries and uninterrupted power supply are smoke and fire separated from the shelter space.
- 26. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Fire hose reels Fire extinguishers EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Fire hose reels located inside the building Additional fire extinguishers within the shelter to enhance early intervention and fire suppression
- 27. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Health and amenity EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 • Ventilation (naturally ventilated during lockdown) • Water and weather proofing (two stage louvers and plenums) • Lighting (24hr battery backup emergency lighting) • Power distribution • Lightning protection • Emergency power (diesel generator) • Toilets (1 toilet per 50 occupants) • Stored water supply (for drinking and toilets where local supply is not reliable during the event) • Waste water
- 28. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Ventilation EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Naturally ventilated during lockdown when the wind gust are gale force or greater (100 km/hr gusts)
- 29. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Ventilation EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Venturi duct extraction to toilets Manual louver and damper controls Natural ventilation ducts with baffles, wall and ceiling fans
- 30. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Ancillary provisions EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 • Communications (within and external to the shelter) • Seating (stackable chairs) • Kitchenette (basic food and medicaments storage and preparation) • Shelter office (communications and emergency power outlets) • Emergency first aid (small room or space) • Chair store (may be used as shelter area)
- 31. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Thank you EHA – WA Conference, Sept 2015 Yeppoon Cyclone Shelter – TC Marcia Feb 2015
Editor's Notes
- TC Yasi One of Queensland most powerful TC, TC Yasi occurred in 2011. Similar in intensity to TC Mahina (princess Charlotte Bay1899), Mackay in Jan 918 and Innisfail March 1918. r significant cyclones Maximum Wind Gusts Storm surge 5m at Clump Point, 2.3m above HAT Central pressure 929 hPa
- TC Yasi One of Queensland most powerful TC, TC Yasi occurred in 2011. Similar in intensity to TC Mahina (princess Charlotte Bay1899), Mackay in Jan 918 and Innisfail March 1918. r significant cyclones Maximum Wind Gusts Storm surge 5m at Clump Point, 2.3m above HAT Central pressure 929 hPa
- TC Yasi One of Queensland most powerful TC, TC Yasi occurred in 2011. Similar in intensity to TC Mahina (princess Charlotte Bay1899), Mackay in Jan 918 and Innisfail March 1918. r significant cyclones Maximum Wind Gusts Storm surge 5m at Clump Point, 2.3m above HAT Central pressure 929 hPa