Pentose phosphate pathway is also called Hexose monophosphate pathway/ HMP shunt/ Phosphogluconate pathway.
It is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.
It is more complex pathway than glycolysis.
It is more anabolic in nature.
It takesplace in cytosol.
The tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, erythrocytes,testes and lactating mammary gland are highly active in HMP shunt.
It concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses.
Pentose phosphate pathway is also called Hexose monophosphate pathway/ HMP shunt/ Phosphogluconate pathway.
It is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.
It is more complex pathway than glycolysis.
It is more anabolic in nature.
It takesplace in cytosol.
The tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, erythrocytes,testes and lactating mammary gland are highly active in HMP shunt.
It concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses.
Substrate level phosphorylation and it's mechanism || Biochemistry || B Pharmacy || Project || slideshare || biology || chemistry
*images use in this ppt is only for educational purpose
In this presentation, i tell about substrate level phosphorylation
Phosphorylation involves the transfer of phosphate
group from one compound to other.
➢ Substrate level phosphorylation is a direct
phosphorylation of ADP with a phosphatase group by
using the energy obtain from a coupled reaction.
➢ Occurs in cytoplasm ( glycolysis – due to aerobic and
anaerobic condition) and in mitochondrial matrix ( krebs
cycle – anaerobic condition)
Coenzyme - Introduction, Definition, Examples for coenzyme, reaction catalysed by coenzyme, Types of coenzymes - cosubstrate and prosthetic group coenzymes, second type of classification of coenzyme- hydrogen group transfer , other than hydrogen group transfer.
The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle—is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide.
Biological oxidation (part - III) Oxidative PhosphorylationAshok Katta
Biological oxidation (part - III) Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation
-- Chemiosmotic theory
-P:O Ratio
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Shuttle Systems for Oxidation of Extramitochondrial NADH
Substrate level phosphorylation and it's mechanism || Biochemistry || B Pharmacy || Project || slideshare || biology || chemistry
*images use in this ppt is only for educational purpose
In this presentation, i tell about substrate level phosphorylation
Phosphorylation involves the transfer of phosphate
group from one compound to other.
➢ Substrate level phosphorylation is a direct
phosphorylation of ADP with a phosphatase group by
using the energy obtain from a coupled reaction.
➢ Occurs in cytoplasm ( glycolysis – due to aerobic and
anaerobic condition) and in mitochondrial matrix ( krebs
cycle – anaerobic condition)
Coenzyme - Introduction, Definition, Examples for coenzyme, reaction catalysed by coenzyme, Types of coenzymes - cosubstrate and prosthetic group coenzymes, second type of classification of coenzyme- hydrogen group transfer , other than hydrogen group transfer.
The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle—is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide.
Biological oxidation (part - III) Oxidative PhosphorylationAshok Katta
Biological oxidation (part - III) Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation
-- Chemiosmotic theory
-P:O Ratio
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Shuttle Systems for Oxidation of Extramitochondrial NADH
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
MECHANISM OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTION
INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
AMINOACYLATION OF tRNA
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes.
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
5. Translation
The pathway of protein Biosynthesis is called translation
Interpreting the information coded in the mRNA into proteins
The nucleotides are read in triplets (set of three) called codons
Each triplet code for a specific amino acid, & sometimes more
than one codon exist for an amino acid
mRNA are read by the translational machinery including
◦ ribosomes,
◦ tRNAs and
◦ rRNAs
6. Protein Synthesis
protein synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to
that in prokaryotes.
However, eukaryotic protein synthesis
involves more protein components & some
steps are more intricate.
7. Basic Requirements for the Translation
mRNA to be
translated
tRNAs Ribosomes
Energy in the
form of ATP
and GTP
Enzymes and
specific factors
12. Stages of Translation
There are four major stages in protein synthesis, each requiring a number of co
mponents.
Elongation
Initiation
Activation of amino acids
Termination
13. Activation of Amino Acid
Activation of amino acid takes place in the cytosol.
In activation of amino acid each of the 20 amino acids, is
covalently attached to their respective tRNA, at the expense
of ATP, by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (AAS) enzyme.
tRNA
+ Amino acid
+ATP + AMP + PPi
Aminoacyl tRNA
U A C
U A C
14. Initiation
Initiation can be divided into four steps
:
Ribosomal dissociation
STEP 1
Formation of 43S pre-initiation complex.
STEP 2
Formation of 48S initiation complex
STEP 3
Formation of 80S initiation complex
STEP 4
17. 1A
3
1
2
GTP
43S Preinitiation complex
A U G5’ 3’
Cap
ATP
4G 4A 4E
4F
A U G5’ 3’
Cap
4F
ATP
ADP + Pi
4A 4B
A U G5’ 3’
Cap
4F
4A
4B
4A
4B
1A
3
1
2
GTP
43S Initiation complex
A U G5’ 3’
Cap
4F
48S Initiation complex
1A
3
1
2
GTP
A U G5’ 3’
Cap
ATP
ADP + Pi
mRNA
Formation of 48S
initiation complex
18. 48S Preinitiation complex
1A
3
1
2
GTP
A U G5’ 3’
Cap
1A
31
2
GDP
A U G5’ 3’
Cap
Formation of 80S
initiation complex
A U G5’ 3’
Cap
P
Site
A
Site
GTP
GDP + Pi
60S
80S Initiation complex
eIF5
19. Elongation
• Elongation can be divided into three steps…
Binding of next aminoacyl tRNA to the A site of ribosome
STEP 1
Formation of peptide bond
STEP 2
Translocation
STEP 3
20. P
Site
A
Site
Peptidyl
transferase
80S Initiation complex
AUG GUU CCA5’ 3’
Cap
EF1α
GTP
EF1α
GDP + Pi
P
Site
A
Site
AUG GUU CCA5’ 3’
Cap
P
Site
A
Site
AUG GUU CCA5’ 3’
Cap
EF2
GTP
EF2
GDP + Pi
P
Site
A
Site
AUG GUU CCA5’ 3’
Cap
Binding of next aminoacyl tRN
A to the A site of ribosome
Formation of
peptide bond
Translocation
Binding of next aminoacyl tRNA to the A site of ribo
some
STEP 1
Formationof peptidebond
STEP 2
Translocation
STEP 3
Repeated
21. P
Site
A
Site
5’ 3’
Cap
O O
= OC
CH R
NH2
= OC
CH R
NH
= OC
CH R
NH
…
P
Site
A
Site
5’ 3’
Cap
OH O
= OC
CH R
NH
= OC
CH R
NH
=OC
CH R
NH
…
Peptidyl-tRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA
Formation of peptide
bond
EF2
24. Post-translational Modification
• In order to achieve native biologically active form of
the polypeptide, it must undergo folding into its proper 3
D conformation.
• This is achieved by group of specialized proteins The chap
erones ensure the folding of protein into its native for
m.
• Before or, after folding, the polypeptide may undergo
processing by enzymatic action.
• Collectively these alterations are known as post translati
onal modifications.
25. Post-translational Modification
• Some of post-translational modifications are…
– Amino Terminal Modifications
– Loss of Signal Sequence
– Covalent Modification of Proteins
• Glycosylation
• Phosphorylation
• Carboxylation (eg. glutamic acid residues of prothrombin)
• Hydroxylation (eg. collagen)
• Methylation (eg. muscle proteins and cytochrome C)
• Addition of prosthetic group (eg. heme gr of cytochrome)
– Proteolytic Processing
26. Inhibitors Of Protein Synthesis
• A number of commonly used variety of antibiotics, act by inhi
biting selectively the process of prokaryotic protein b
iosynthesis.
• Binds to the 30S subunit of prokaryotes at the A
site
• Inhibits chain elongation
Streptomycin
• Binds to the 30S subunit
• Inhibits binding of aminoacyl tRNA to mRNA
Tetracycline
• Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit
• Blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction
Chloramphenicol
• Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit
• Inhibits the translocation reaction
Erythromycin
27. Protein Biosynth
esis
(Translation)Ashok Katta
Thank yo
u
Ashok Katta
Dept. of Biochemistry,
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College,
Perambalur
Contact no. - +917418831766
E mail -
For more presentation visit -
Editor's Notes
Central Dogma 是生物界中心的基本運作法則,而其主角就是核酸,包括 DNA 及 RNA。 Central dogma 說明了遺傳信息由 DNA 流到 RNA 再到蛋白質的過程; 而其之所以能夠運作,與核酸的分子構造,有極大的關係;分子生物學就是以分子的層次,探討整個 Central Dogma 的作用機制。