RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
Expression and purification of recombinant proteins in Bacterial and yeast sy...Shreya Feliz
This presentation gives the information about bacterial and yeast system as host for expressing recombinant proteins, suitable vectors, strains of host, Pros and cons of this system, different purification techniques and commercially available proteins produced so far by this system.
Recombinant baculoviruses are widely used to
express heterologous genes in cultured insect cells
and insect larvae. For large-scale applications, the
baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is particularly
advantageous.
This presentation is about a type of nucleic acid which is called RNA. in this presentation we will discuss RNA. its types, its structure and Functions etc. Like and download my slide so i will upload more and more presentations for you peoples.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and a number of accessory proteins called transcription factors.
DNA and RNA are both stands of nucleotides but RNA can carry out for .pdfarbaazrabs
DNA and RNA are both stands of nucleotides but RNA can carry out for more functions than
DNA. How docs the structure of RNA differ from DNA? What additional activities/function can
RNA do that DNA cannot?
Solution
The structure of ribonucleic acid is single stranded in which thymine replaces uracil as
complimentary base and other adenine, guanine, cytosine are the nucleotides but
deoxyribonucleic acid is double stranded & duplex.
The additive activities can RNA performing are to undergo \"translation\" to code for proteins
the following are the other functions where as DNA cannot undergo translation directly to code
for proteins
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing.
mRNA: It is produced by the transcription of DNA in the presence of RNA polymerase enzyme
and it has amino acid coding exons to code for specific proteins as per genetic code.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA): It has 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits which have aminoacyl site and
peptidyl site to carry out translation process during protein synthesis with mRNA.
tRNA (transfer RNA): It has clover leaf structure & common to all tRNA structure. It has
anticodon site to bind to the mRNA and to displace mRNA transcript from nuclear region onto
the rRNA for protein synthesis. It is considered as an adaptor molecule mainly consist of 76 to
90 ribonucleotides in length
piRNA:
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA) are the small non-coding RNA molecules with 26 to 31
nucleotides that are expressed in many of the germ lines of eukaryotic animals. piRNAs interact
with piwi proteins to form RNA-protein complexes..
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. What we will be discussing?
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous bases
Pentose sugar
RNA
Introduction
Structure
Different types &
functions
Conclusion
3. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are
polymers of
nucleotides
They include
DNA(deoxyribonucle
ic acid) and
RNA(ribonucleic
acid);
-which are found in
living systems RNA
6. Structure of RNA
Back bone is sugar and phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases linked to sugar moiety project from
the backbone
Nitrogenous bases are linked to pentose sugar through
N-glycosidic linkage to form a nucleoside
Phosphate group is linked with 3’OH of nucleoside
through phosphoester linkage
2 nucleotides are linked through 3’-5’-phosphodiester
linkage to form a dinucleotide
7. More and more such groups will be linked to form a poly
nucleotide chain
Such a polymer has a free phosphate moiety at 5’ end of
ribose sugar and it is called as 5’-end of polynucleotide chain
At other end, ribose has free 3’-OH group which is called
as the 3’-end of polynucleotide chain
In RNA, every nucleotide has an additional-OH present at
2’-position of ribose
8. Ribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid, or RNA is one of the
major biological macromolecules that are
essential for all known forms of life (along
with DNA and proteins)
Each nucleotide in RNA contains
a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1'
through 5'. A base is attached to the 1'
position, in general,
adenine (A), cytosine (C),
guanine(G), and uracil (U).
10. Synthesis
Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—
RNA polymerase
By using DNA as a template
The process is known as transcription
There are also a number of RNA-dependent RNA
polymerases that use RNA as their template for synthesis
of a new strand of RNA
A number of RNA viruses (such as poliovirus) use this
type of enzyme to replicate their genetic material
12. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information about a
protein sequence to the ribosomes, the protein
synthesis factories in the cell
It is coded so that every three nucleotides (a codon)
correspond to one amino acid
. In eukaryotic cells, once precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA)
has been transcribed from DNA, it is
processed to mature mRNA
This removes its introns—non-coding sections of the
pre-mRNA
The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes
and translated into its corresponding protein form
with the help of tRNA
13. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic
component of the ribosomes
Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different
rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA
Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized
in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewher
. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein
combine to form a nucleoprotein called a
ribosome
The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out
protein synthesis
Several ribosomes may be attached to a single
mRNA at any time.
Nearly all the RNA found in a typical
eukaryotic cell is rRNA.
14. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA
chain of about 80 nucleotides
It transfers a specific amino acid to a
growing polypeptide chain at the
ribosomal site of protein synthesis during
translation
It has sites for amino acid attachment
and an anticodon region
for codon recognition that binds to a
specific sequence on the messenger RNA
chain through hydrogen bonding
16. Small Nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
Sn RNA s are involved in the process of splicing (intron removal) of primary
transcript to form mature m RNA. The Sn RNA s form complexes with proteins
to form Ribonucleoprotein particles called snRNPs
Biochemistry For Medics 16
17. Micro RNAs (miRNAs)
microRNAs, short non-coding RNAs present in all living organisms, have
been shown to regulate the expression of at least half of all human
genes. These single-stranded RNAs exert their regulatory action by
binding messenger RNAs and preventing their translation into
proteins.
Biochemistry For Medics 17
18. Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) are 20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA
molecules that have a variety of roles in the cell. They are involved in the RNA
interference (RNAi) pathway, where it interferes with the expression of a
specific gene by hybridizing to its corresponding RNA sequence in the
target mRNA. This then activates the degrading mRNA. Once the target
mRNA is degraded, the mRNA cannot be translated into protein. Biochemistry For Medics 18
19. Guide RNA (gRNA) are RNA genes that function in RNA editing,
found in mitochondria by inserting or deleting stretches of uridylates (Us) .
The gRNA forms part of editosome and contain sequences to hybridize to
matching sequences in the mRNA to guide the mRNA modifications.
Complementary RNA( cRNA ) viral RNA that is transcribed from
negative sense RNA and serves as a template for protein synthesis
Negative sense RNA viral RNA with a base sequence complementary to that
of mRNA during replication it serves as a template to the transcription of viral
complementary RNA
10/8/2014 Structure of Nucleic Acid:RNA 19
20. FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT RNA
mRNA – It carries genetic formation of DNA ( Gene ) for protein
synthesis from nucleus to ribosome in the form of genetic code
tRNA – Acts as adapter molecule ,carries Amino Acid and drops it to
particular location by recognising codon on mRNA by virtue of having
anticodon
rRNA – It makes complex with proteins and form ribosomal subunits
which provide space for protein synthesis ,single ribosomal RNA of
smaller subunit helps correct orientation of mRNA during attachment
with respect to P and A sites
10/8/2014 Structure of Nucleic Acid:RNA 20
21. snRNA – play significat role in eukayotic mRNA processing
By splicing of exons as snRNPs or snurps U1,U2, U4,U5 &U6
scRNA – being component of Signal Recognition Particle (SRP ) helps
in targetting of seceretary proteins
snoRNA – Plays role in gene silencing
miRNA – play important role in gene silencing by blocking mRNA and
preventing translation
10/8/2014 Structure of Nucleic Acid:RNA 21
22. Si RNA – Plays important role in gene silencing by interfering
transcription
gRNA- help in RNA editing in mitochondria , forms part of editosome
and hybridize with matching sequence of mRNA
Catalytic RNA –Ribozymes act as protein enzymes in catalyzing
removal of intron, peptide bond formation etc
aRNA- antisense RNA - is artificially used to block translation of
perticular messenger RNAs so as to prevent formation of some
harmful proteins
10/8/2014 Structure of Nucleic Acid:RNA 22
23. RNA types & functions
Types of RNAs Primary Function(s)
mRNA - messenger translation (protein synthesis)
regulatory
rRNA - ribosomal translation (protein synthesis) <catalytic>
t-RNA - transfer translation (protein synthesis)
hnRNA - heterogeneous nuclear precursors & intermediates of mature
mRNAs & other RNAs
scRNA - small cytoplasmic signal recognition particle (SRP)
tRNA processing <catalytic>
D Dobbs ISU - BCB 444/544X: RNA
Structure Prediction
snRNA - small nuclear
snoRNA - small nucleolar
mRNA processing, poly A addition <catalytic>
rRNA processing/maturation/methylation
regulatory RNAs (siRNA,
miRNA, etc.)
regulation of transcription and translation,
L Samaraweera 2005
24. References:
Biochemistry by U.satyanarayana
Principle of biochemistry (lehninger)
Micheal M. Cox and David l. Nelson
• Thank you
