Presbyopia is an age-related visual impairment characterized by a gradual decrease in the eye's ability to focus on nearby objects, affecting approximately 1.04 billion people globally. Symptoms include eye strain, difficulty reading small print, and the need for brighter lighting. Management options include various types of lenses and recently developed adjustable glasses that calibrate based on distance measurements.

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2.  Condition
 Prevalence
 Optics ,physiology and anatomy
 Symptoms & signs
 Diagnostic procedures
 Management
 Reference
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3.  Presbyopia is an age related visual impairment
 Gradual decrease in accommodation with age
 Amplitude of accommodation diminishes
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4.  Worldwide : 1.04 billion in 2005
 India : 93.4%
 Europe : 83%
 Africa and America : 58.9%
 Asia : 43.8%
 China : 32%
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Reference:
JAMA OPHTHALMOLOGY
Global vision impairment due to uncorrected presbyopia
by Brien A Holden and Timothy R Fricke

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PREVALENCE

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7.  Accommodation is a process by which the lens changes its
shape to give the appropriate power to focus the objects at
varying distances.
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8.  In presbyopia the lens becomes increasingly stiff and
hardened.
 Due to this the required amount of power is not provided
by the lens to focus a nearby object.
 As a result the object gets focussed behind the retina and
thus the image is blurred.
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9.  Changes in the elastic properties of capsule
 Hardness or sclerosis of lens substance
 Weakening of the ciliary muscle which will arrest
accomodation
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10.  Eyestrain or headaches after reading or doing close work.
 Difficulty reading small print
 Fatigue from doing close work
 Needing brighter lighting when reading or doing close
work
 Ocular discomfort, asthenopia, squinting and drowsiness
from near work
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12.  PATIENT HISTORY: Patients often report
problems with reading like,
 Being able to read for short periods only
 Noticing blurred or double print
 Unable to read fine prints, tearing
 Requiring more lighting and distance
 Headache and drowsiness
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14.  VISUAL ACUITY ( distance and
near)
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15. • The optical correction for presbyopia is the sum of
refractive correction for distance plus the power of the
near addition.
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16. AGE AMPLITUDE OF
ACCOMMODATION
10 14
20 10
30 7
40 4.50
50 2.50
60 1
 Minimum 15-0.25(age)
 Average 18.5-0.30(age)
 Maximum 25-0.4(age)
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HOFSTETTER

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18.  Bifocal lenses
 Trifocal
 Progressive addition lenses
 Multiple pairs of glasses
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19.  Alternating vision bifocal contact lenses
 Simultaneous vision bifocal contact lenses
 Monovision
 Contact lens and spectacle lenses.
 Multifocal IOL
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20.  A new glasses were developed by researchers at University of
Utah in the US which contain lenses made of glycerin enclosed
by flexible rubber-like membranes in the front and back
 In the bridge of the glasses is a distance meter that measures the
distance from the glasses to an object via pulses of infra red
light. When the wearer looks at an object, the meter measures
the distance and tells the actuators how to curve the lenses
 Before putting them on the wearers have to input their
eyeglasses prescription into an accompanying smartphone app,
which calibrates the lenses via a bluetooth connection.
 REFERENCE: The Hindu Dated 27/01/2017
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21.  American optometry association,2011- Revised by
Nancy Carlson, O.D. Approved by the AOA board of
trustees
 Refractive management of ametropia – Kenneth e.
Brookman Second edition
 Andhra Pradesh eye disease study: A population
Based assessment of Presbyopia in the state of
Andhra Pradesh, South India 2006
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