progressive lenses, multifocal lenses, polyfocal lenses, lenses for presbyopia, bifocal lenses, lenses for near reading, lenses for the elderly, above age 40
This document discusses different types of special purpose frames. It describes frames that hold supplementary lenses outside the main frame, frames that contain cells to hold additional lenses behind the prescription, and folding frames with hinges at the bridge and temples to reduce the frame size. It also covers frames with extensions to support the lower eyelid, trial frames without temples, monocular frames that allow viewing through one lens at a time, and frames with flip-down lenses for reading or sunglasses.
The document provides an overview of optical dispensing. It discusses defining optical dispensing and the steps involved, including frame selection based on facial shape, frame measurements, lens measurements, counseling patients on lens materials and coatings, and the process of fitting lenses into frames which involves marking, cutting, and edging lenses.
The document describes the various types of bifocals that have been developed over time, including Benjamin Franklin's original design from 1785, solid upcurve bifocals, cemented bifocals, fused Kryptok bifocals, straight top or "D" bifocals, Ultex bifocals, and executive bifocals. Each type is explained in terms of its design, advantages, and disadvantages for the wearer.
The document discusses the base curve of lenses, which is the surface curve that forms the starting point for the remaining lens curve. It describes the importance of selecting the proper base curve, as it determines lens thickness, aberrations, and cosmetics. The document outlines different lens forms including Wollaston, Oswalt, and meniscus, discussing their optical properties. It notes that the best lens form follows mechanical and optical criteria, providing a thinner lens that is lighter in weight with reduced magnification and aberrations.
This document discusses different types of tinted lenses, including their purposes and materials. It covers integral tints produced during manufacturing by adding metals or metal oxides to glass. Surface coatings deposit metallic oxides onto glass through evaporation. Plastic lenses are dyed by immersing them in organic dyes. Various tint colors like yellow, red, purple, and brown are explained in terms of the materials used and their applications. Integral tints provide consistent tinting while surface coatings and dyes allow tinting of any prescription.
The document discusses different measurement systems used for eyeglasses, including the datum system and boxing system. It provides definitions for key optical and frame measurements such as:
- Eye size and lens size refer to the horizontal length of the lens or frame opening.
- Geometric center is the midpoint of the horizontal midline between the lens borders.
- Effective diameter is twice the distance from the geometric center to the lens bevel edge.
- Bridge size is the distance between the two lenses at the narrowest point of the frame.
- Segment height specifies the vertical distance of bifocal or progressive addition lenses.
Ophthalmic Prisms: Prismatic Effects and DecentrationRabindraAdhikary
Ophthalmic Prisms: Prismatic Effects and Decentration
here we discuss about the ophthalmic prisms, the prismatic effects as caused by the decentration( moving the optical center away from the visual axis)
The document discusses pantoscopic tilt, which is when the bottom of eyeglass frames are angled toward the cheeks. It describes how proper pantoscopic tilt helps maximize the amount of bridge surface resting on the nose. The document also mentions retroscopic tilt, when the bottom of frames is angled away from the cheeks, and orthoscopic tilt, when frames have no angle. Additionally, it explains how lens tilt improves how glasses look and function for patients, and depends on ear and nose bridge heights, requiring frames to be properly adjusted for individual wearers before measurements.
This document discusses different types of special purpose frames. It describes frames that hold supplementary lenses outside the main frame, frames that contain cells to hold additional lenses behind the prescription, and folding frames with hinges at the bridge and temples to reduce the frame size. It also covers frames with extensions to support the lower eyelid, trial frames without temples, monocular frames that allow viewing through one lens at a time, and frames with flip-down lenses for reading or sunglasses.
The document provides an overview of optical dispensing. It discusses defining optical dispensing and the steps involved, including frame selection based on facial shape, frame measurements, lens measurements, counseling patients on lens materials and coatings, and the process of fitting lenses into frames which involves marking, cutting, and edging lenses.
The document describes the various types of bifocals that have been developed over time, including Benjamin Franklin's original design from 1785, solid upcurve bifocals, cemented bifocals, fused Kryptok bifocals, straight top or "D" bifocals, Ultex bifocals, and executive bifocals. Each type is explained in terms of its design, advantages, and disadvantages for the wearer.
The document discusses the base curve of lenses, which is the surface curve that forms the starting point for the remaining lens curve. It describes the importance of selecting the proper base curve, as it determines lens thickness, aberrations, and cosmetics. The document outlines different lens forms including Wollaston, Oswalt, and meniscus, discussing their optical properties. It notes that the best lens form follows mechanical and optical criteria, providing a thinner lens that is lighter in weight with reduced magnification and aberrations.
This document discusses different types of tinted lenses, including their purposes and materials. It covers integral tints produced during manufacturing by adding metals or metal oxides to glass. Surface coatings deposit metallic oxides onto glass through evaporation. Plastic lenses are dyed by immersing them in organic dyes. Various tint colors like yellow, red, purple, and brown are explained in terms of the materials used and their applications. Integral tints provide consistent tinting while surface coatings and dyes allow tinting of any prescription.
The document discusses different measurement systems used for eyeglasses, including the datum system and boxing system. It provides definitions for key optical and frame measurements such as:
- Eye size and lens size refer to the horizontal length of the lens or frame opening.
- Geometric center is the midpoint of the horizontal midline between the lens borders.
- Effective diameter is twice the distance from the geometric center to the lens bevel edge.
- Bridge size is the distance between the two lenses at the narrowest point of the frame.
- Segment height specifies the vertical distance of bifocal or progressive addition lenses.
Ophthalmic Prisms: Prismatic Effects and DecentrationRabindraAdhikary
Ophthalmic Prisms: Prismatic Effects and Decentration
here we discuss about the ophthalmic prisms, the prismatic effects as caused by the decentration( moving the optical center away from the visual axis)
The document discusses pantoscopic tilt, which is when the bottom of eyeglass frames are angled toward the cheeks. It describes how proper pantoscopic tilt helps maximize the amount of bridge surface resting on the nose. The document also mentions retroscopic tilt, when the bottom of frames is angled away from the cheeks, and orthoscopic tilt, when frames have no angle. Additionally, it explains how lens tilt improves how glasses look and function for patients, and depends on ear and nose bridge heights, requiring frames to be properly adjusted for individual wearers before measurements.
Ophthalmic prisms are thin prisms with an apical angle of less than 10-15 degrees. They are used in refractive corrections and can be prescribed for conditions like strabismus. The orientation of a prism, whether base-in or base-out, affects how the eye perceives an object through the prism. Prism power can be calculated using formulas like Prentice's rule and decompounded or recombined as needed for a prescription.
This document discusses spectacle refraction and how it relates to correcting refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. It defines spectacle refraction as the power of the lens needed to correct refractive errors at the spectacle plane. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina, and is corrected using concave lenses. Hyperopia is when light focuses behind the retina, corrected with convex lenses. Astigmatism is an irregular refraction that can be corrected using lenses, contacts, surgery, or lasers. The document also discusses how to calculate spectacle refraction from ocular refraction using vertex distance.
soft contact lens optics and soft contact lens materialsBipin Koirala
This document discusses the optical properties of contact lenses and soft contact lens materials. It begins with an introduction to contact lens optics, covering topics like basic optics concepts, conjugate planes, principal planes, back vertex power, and the effectivity relationship. It then discusses how contact lenses impact accommodation and convergence compared to spectacles. Ideal material properties and common soft lens materials like conventional hydrogels and silicone hydrogels are also mentioned. The document provides a concise overview of important optical considerations for contact lenses.
This document provides information about progressive addition lenses (PALs), including their history, design, markings, fitting process, advantages, and disadvantages compared to bifocal lenses. Some key points:
- PALs were invented in the late 1950s and gradually increased in popularity as an alternative to bifocal lenses that provides clear vision from distance to near without visible lines.
- PAL designs can be "hard", with a rapid progression, or "soft" with a slower progression. Designs also differ in the size and location of distance, near, and intermediate zones.
- Fitting PALs properly requires selecting the right frame size and shape, measuring pupillary distance and fitting heights, and ver
This document discusses the different parts and types of eyeglass frames. It defines the frame as the portion that holds the lenses in front of the eyes. The key parts are identified as the bridge, eyewire, endpieces, hinges, temples, and nose pads. Different frame materials like plastic, metal, and nylon are described. Various bridge, endpiece, and temple designs are outlined, including saddle, modified saddle, keyhole, and turn back styles. Frame types such as half-eyes, rimless, and combination frames are also summarized.
Frame measurements are essential for ordering prescription glasses correctly. The boxing system uses geometric center, lens size (eye size A), depth (B), and width (C) in millimeters. Distance between lenses (DBL) and geometric center distance (GCD) are also in millimeters. Temple length is overall length from center barrel to end. Frames are marked with eye size, DBL, temple length, manufacturer, and country of origin. Safety frames are marked with "Z87". Metal frames indicate gold content in karats.
Polarizing lenses reduce glare caused by reflections from surfaces like water, snow, and highways. They work by blocking horizontally polarized light that is reflected from these surfaces, while transmitting regular light. The lenses contain a special filter made of polyvinyl acetate and iodine that absorbs the horizontally vibrating components of light. Polarizing lenses can be made for prescription lenses by mounting the polarizing filter between layers of hard resin or polycarbonate. They provide benefits like reduced driving fatigue and improved visibility for activities like fishing or at the beach.
This document summarizes the process of subjective refraction for finding the best lens prescription for a patient. It involves monocular refraction of each eye separately to determine the cylindrical lens power and axis and best spherical lens. Techniques described include astigmatic clock dial, Jackson's cross cylinder, and astigmatic fan to refine the cylinder. The spherical lens is refined using fogging or duochrome testing. Binocular balancing is then performed to provide equal focus in both eyes. Near vision correction may also be determined using near vision charts if needed. The overall goal is to obtain the optimal lens prescription to provide clear vision at both distance and near for the patient.
The optical center of a lens is the point where light rays pass through without deviation. It is important for the optical center to be directly in front of the pupil for optimum vision. Decentering a lens, or moving it so the optical center is no longer in front of the pupil, introduces a prismatic effect. The amount of prismatic effect, measured in prism diopters, is calculated by multiplying the distance the lens is decentered in centimeters by the lens power in diopters. Decentering a lens with a spherical prescription or cylinder introduces different prismatic effects depending on the orientation of the cylinder axis relative to the direction of decentration.
The document discusses different lens materials used in ophthalmic lenses, including their properties and characteristics. It covers natural materials like quartz, glass materials like crown glass and flint glass, and plastic materials like CR-39, polycarbonate, high index plastics, and Trivex. For each material, it provides details on composition, refractive index, Abbe value, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to educate about different lens materials and their properties for lens manufacturing.
This document discusses progressive lenses, including their history, types, features, markings, fitting process, advantages, and disadvantages. It provides details on:
- The four main types of lenses - single vision, bifocals, trifocals, and progressive addition lenses.
- Key features of progressive lenses, including having multiple focal points that change continuously across the lens rather than distinct segments.
- Important temporary and permanent markings on progressive lenses used in fitting, including the fitting cross, distance reference circle, and lateral locator lines.
- The process of accurately relocating the fitting cross from temporary to permanent markings to ensure proper positioning over the pupil.
This document summarizes guidelines for dispensing progressive lenses. It identifies the best candidates as previous progressive lens wearers, emerging presbyopes with low add powers, and highly motivated individuals. It notes that previous bifocal wearers and those with occulomotor imbalances may require consideration. The document outlines the procedure for fitting progressive lenses, which includes selecting a frame, pre-adjusting it, measuring the fitting height and PD, verifying the cut-out, and taking free form measurements. It provides tips for selecting an appropriate frame, including ones that maintain adjustment and avoid large styles that expose the wearer to distortions.
This document discusses sagittal depth, which is the height or depth of a segment of a circle. It provides formulas for calculating the edge thickness (e) of different lens types based on the total thickness (t) and sagittal depth(s) of the lens surfaces. Formulas are given for plano-convex, biconvex, plano-concave, biconcave, positive meniscus and negative meniscus lens configurations. Diagrams illustrate the lens parameters and how they relate mathematically.
Bifocals are lenses with two optical powers, one for distance and one for near. There are several types of bifocal segments including round, flat top, curve top, ribbon, and Franklin style. Bifocals can be made through fused, one piece, or cemented constructions. When measuring for bifocals, the frame is positioned as it will be worn and the bifocal height is measured from the lower limbus or lid margin using a vertical ruler. This ensures the bifocal segment will be at the proper height for the wearer.
progressive addition lenses , needs of PAL, permanent and temporary marking of PAL, parts of PAL, design of PAL, Progressive corridor and their importance ,theory behind the PAL,Sand box analogy,OPTICAL DESCRIPTION OF PROGRESSIVELENSES,patterns of PAL,Advantage and Limitation of PAL,fitting of PAL and Frame selection for PAL,measurements for fitting,verification of PALs,
traubleshooting in PALs,Brands and special design of PALs
The document discusses different types of lenses based on their curvature and shape. There are two main types: flat lenses, which have one flat surface, and curved lenses, which have curves on both surfaces. Curved lenses include meniscus lenses, which are convex on the front and concave on the back, and toric lenses, where one surface is spherical and the other toroidal. The total power of a lens is calculated by adding the powers of the front and back surfaces. Lens shape refers to the outline and can include round, oval, pantascopic round oval, and upswept shapes.
This document discusses ghost images that can form from reflections off of spectacle lenses. It identifies five different ghost images that can occur from reflections at different surfaces of the eye and lenses. Ghost image 1, caused by total internal reflection at the lens surfaces, is generally the most troublesome. Ghost images are more noticeable at night or when viewing a bright light against a dark background. An antireflective coating is recommended to eliminate ghost image 1 and reduce reflections overall.
The document summarizes the boxing system used for measuring eyeglass frames. The boxing system imagines drawing a box around the lens shape with the sides tangent to the edges. Key measurements include the A measurement (eye size), B measurement (vertical size), geometric center, distance between lenses, distance between centers, effective diameter, seg height/drop, temple length, length to bend, and front to bend. These standardized measurements are used to specify frame sizes and fit lenses.
This document discusses frame types and parts of eyeglass frames. It describes the basic parts of frames including the front and temples. It then details different parts of the frame front and temples. The document outlines different types of frames such as plastic, metal, nylon cord, and combination frames. It provides information on materials used for different frame types including plastics, metals, nylon and others. It also discusses bridge types and temple constructions.
Bifocal lenses have two optical powers, one for distance vision and one for near vision. They are useful for presbyopia. There are several types of bifocal lenses including round, flat-top, and executive styles. Benjamin Franklin is credited with inventing the first bifocal lens in the late 18th century by cutting a single lens in half. Modern bifocals are manufactured using various techniques like fusing, cementing, or making from a single piece of plastic or glass. Proper positioning and design of the near segment is important to reduce issues like image jump and chromatic aberration. Bifocals come in many styles and materials to best suit individual needs and prescription requirements.
This presentation is mainly focused on progressive addition lenses along with the brief description of single vision reading lenses ,bifocal and trifocals which are the other options available for the management of presbyopia. It also include a short description on the fitting of the PAL. PAL is the most used option worldwide for the management of presbyopia .PAL is also used in the management of progressive myopia and the studies shows it is more effective than the bifocal lenses. PAL are more effective in myopia management when the myopia comes along with the near esophoria and accommodation lag. In this modern century personalised progressive lenses are the most effective in matching the need of the patients.
The document discusses progressive addition lenses (PALs), including their design, optics, and benefits over other presbyopia correction options like bifocals. It covers key aspects of PALs such as the distance, intermediate, and near zones; usable fields of view; binocular vision; and peripheral vision. Hard and soft lens designs are compared, as are symmetrical and asymmetrical designs. Factors in lens selection like prescription and lens usage are also summarized.
Ophthalmic prisms are thin prisms with an apical angle of less than 10-15 degrees. They are used in refractive corrections and can be prescribed for conditions like strabismus. The orientation of a prism, whether base-in or base-out, affects how the eye perceives an object through the prism. Prism power can be calculated using formulas like Prentice's rule and decompounded or recombined as needed for a prescription.
This document discusses spectacle refraction and how it relates to correcting refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. It defines spectacle refraction as the power of the lens needed to correct refractive errors at the spectacle plane. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina, and is corrected using concave lenses. Hyperopia is when light focuses behind the retina, corrected with convex lenses. Astigmatism is an irregular refraction that can be corrected using lenses, contacts, surgery, or lasers. The document also discusses how to calculate spectacle refraction from ocular refraction using vertex distance.
soft contact lens optics and soft contact lens materialsBipin Koirala
This document discusses the optical properties of contact lenses and soft contact lens materials. It begins with an introduction to contact lens optics, covering topics like basic optics concepts, conjugate planes, principal planes, back vertex power, and the effectivity relationship. It then discusses how contact lenses impact accommodation and convergence compared to spectacles. Ideal material properties and common soft lens materials like conventional hydrogels and silicone hydrogels are also mentioned. The document provides a concise overview of important optical considerations for contact lenses.
This document provides information about progressive addition lenses (PALs), including their history, design, markings, fitting process, advantages, and disadvantages compared to bifocal lenses. Some key points:
- PALs were invented in the late 1950s and gradually increased in popularity as an alternative to bifocal lenses that provides clear vision from distance to near without visible lines.
- PAL designs can be "hard", with a rapid progression, or "soft" with a slower progression. Designs also differ in the size and location of distance, near, and intermediate zones.
- Fitting PALs properly requires selecting the right frame size and shape, measuring pupillary distance and fitting heights, and ver
This document discusses the different parts and types of eyeglass frames. It defines the frame as the portion that holds the lenses in front of the eyes. The key parts are identified as the bridge, eyewire, endpieces, hinges, temples, and nose pads. Different frame materials like plastic, metal, and nylon are described. Various bridge, endpiece, and temple designs are outlined, including saddle, modified saddle, keyhole, and turn back styles. Frame types such as half-eyes, rimless, and combination frames are also summarized.
Frame measurements are essential for ordering prescription glasses correctly. The boxing system uses geometric center, lens size (eye size A), depth (B), and width (C) in millimeters. Distance between lenses (DBL) and geometric center distance (GCD) are also in millimeters. Temple length is overall length from center barrel to end. Frames are marked with eye size, DBL, temple length, manufacturer, and country of origin. Safety frames are marked with "Z87". Metal frames indicate gold content in karats.
Polarizing lenses reduce glare caused by reflections from surfaces like water, snow, and highways. They work by blocking horizontally polarized light that is reflected from these surfaces, while transmitting regular light. The lenses contain a special filter made of polyvinyl acetate and iodine that absorbs the horizontally vibrating components of light. Polarizing lenses can be made for prescription lenses by mounting the polarizing filter between layers of hard resin or polycarbonate. They provide benefits like reduced driving fatigue and improved visibility for activities like fishing or at the beach.
This document summarizes the process of subjective refraction for finding the best lens prescription for a patient. It involves monocular refraction of each eye separately to determine the cylindrical lens power and axis and best spherical lens. Techniques described include astigmatic clock dial, Jackson's cross cylinder, and astigmatic fan to refine the cylinder. The spherical lens is refined using fogging or duochrome testing. Binocular balancing is then performed to provide equal focus in both eyes. Near vision correction may also be determined using near vision charts if needed. The overall goal is to obtain the optimal lens prescription to provide clear vision at both distance and near for the patient.
The optical center of a lens is the point where light rays pass through without deviation. It is important for the optical center to be directly in front of the pupil for optimum vision. Decentering a lens, or moving it so the optical center is no longer in front of the pupil, introduces a prismatic effect. The amount of prismatic effect, measured in prism diopters, is calculated by multiplying the distance the lens is decentered in centimeters by the lens power in diopters. Decentering a lens with a spherical prescription or cylinder introduces different prismatic effects depending on the orientation of the cylinder axis relative to the direction of decentration.
The document discusses different lens materials used in ophthalmic lenses, including their properties and characteristics. It covers natural materials like quartz, glass materials like crown glass and flint glass, and plastic materials like CR-39, polycarbonate, high index plastics, and Trivex. For each material, it provides details on composition, refractive index, Abbe value, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to educate about different lens materials and their properties for lens manufacturing.
This document discusses progressive lenses, including their history, types, features, markings, fitting process, advantages, and disadvantages. It provides details on:
- The four main types of lenses - single vision, bifocals, trifocals, and progressive addition lenses.
- Key features of progressive lenses, including having multiple focal points that change continuously across the lens rather than distinct segments.
- Important temporary and permanent markings on progressive lenses used in fitting, including the fitting cross, distance reference circle, and lateral locator lines.
- The process of accurately relocating the fitting cross from temporary to permanent markings to ensure proper positioning over the pupil.
This document summarizes guidelines for dispensing progressive lenses. It identifies the best candidates as previous progressive lens wearers, emerging presbyopes with low add powers, and highly motivated individuals. It notes that previous bifocal wearers and those with occulomotor imbalances may require consideration. The document outlines the procedure for fitting progressive lenses, which includes selecting a frame, pre-adjusting it, measuring the fitting height and PD, verifying the cut-out, and taking free form measurements. It provides tips for selecting an appropriate frame, including ones that maintain adjustment and avoid large styles that expose the wearer to distortions.
This document discusses sagittal depth, which is the height or depth of a segment of a circle. It provides formulas for calculating the edge thickness (e) of different lens types based on the total thickness (t) and sagittal depth(s) of the lens surfaces. Formulas are given for plano-convex, biconvex, plano-concave, biconcave, positive meniscus and negative meniscus lens configurations. Diagrams illustrate the lens parameters and how they relate mathematically.
Bifocals are lenses with two optical powers, one for distance and one for near. There are several types of bifocal segments including round, flat top, curve top, ribbon, and Franklin style. Bifocals can be made through fused, one piece, or cemented constructions. When measuring for bifocals, the frame is positioned as it will be worn and the bifocal height is measured from the lower limbus or lid margin using a vertical ruler. This ensures the bifocal segment will be at the proper height for the wearer.
progressive addition lenses , needs of PAL, permanent and temporary marking of PAL, parts of PAL, design of PAL, Progressive corridor and their importance ,theory behind the PAL,Sand box analogy,OPTICAL DESCRIPTION OF PROGRESSIVELENSES,patterns of PAL,Advantage and Limitation of PAL,fitting of PAL and Frame selection for PAL,measurements for fitting,verification of PALs,
traubleshooting in PALs,Brands and special design of PALs
The document discusses different types of lenses based on their curvature and shape. There are two main types: flat lenses, which have one flat surface, and curved lenses, which have curves on both surfaces. Curved lenses include meniscus lenses, which are convex on the front and concave on the back, and toric lenses, where one surface is spherical and the other toroidal. The total power of a lens is calculated by adding the powers of the front and back surfaces. Lens shape refers to the outline and can include round, oval, pantascopic round oval, and upswept shapes.
This document discusses ghost images that can form from reflections off of spectacle lenses. It identifies five different ghost images that can occur from reflections at different surfaces of the eye and lenses. Ghost image 1, caused by total internal reflection at the lens surfaces, is generally the most troublesome. Ghost images are more noticeable at night or when viewing a bright light against a dark background. An antireflective coating is recommended to eliminate ghost image 1 and reduce reflections overall.
The document summarizes the boxing system used for measuring eyeglass frames. The boxing system imagines drawing a box around the lens shape with the sides tangent to the edges. Key measurements include the A measurement (eye size), B measurement (vertical size), geometric center, distance between lenses, distance between centers, effective diameter, seg height/drop, temple length, length to bend, and front to bend. These standardized measurements are used to specify frame sizes and fit lenses.
This document discusses frame types and parts of eyeglass frames. It describes the basic parts of frames including the front and temples. It then details different parts of the frame front and temples. The document outlines different types of frames such as plastic, metal, nylon cord, and combination frames. It provides information on materials used for different frame types including plastics, metals, nylon and others. It also discusses bridge types and temple constructions.
Bifocal lenses have two optical powers, one for distance vision and one for near vision. They are useful for presbyopia. There are several types of bifocal lenses including round, flat-top, and executive styles. Benjamin Franklin is credited with inventing the first bifocal lens in the late 18th century by cutting a single lens in half. Modern bifocals are manufactured using various techniques like fusing, cementing, or making from a single piece of plastic or glass. Proper positioning and design of the near segment is important to reduce issues like image jump and chromatic aberration. Bifocals come in many styles and materials to best suit individual needs and prescription requirements.
This presentation is mainly focused on progressive addition lenses along with the brief description of single vision reading lenses ,bifocal and trifocals which are the other options available for the management of presbyopia. It also include a short description on the fitting of the PAL. PAL is the most used option worldwide for the management of presbyopia .PAL is also used in the management of progressive myopia and the studies shows it is more effective than the bifocal lenses. PAL are more effective in myopia management when the myopia comes along with the near esophoria and accommodation lag. In this modern century personalised progressive lenses are the most effective in matching the need of the patients.
The document discusses progressive addition lenses (PALs), including their design, optics, and benefits over other presbyopia correction options like bifocals. It covers key aspects of PALs such as the distance, intermediate, and near zones; usable fields of view; binocular vision; and peripheral vision. Hard and soft lens designs are compared, as are symmetrical and asymmetrical designs. Factors in lens selection like prescription and lens usage are also summarized.
progressive addition lenses- optics, designs and performancessabina paudel
Progressive addition lenses (PALs) gradually increase power from the distance to the near zone to provide clear vision at all distances without visible lines. PALs come in various designs like hard and soft to suit patients' needs. Factors like unwanted astigmatism, prism, and binocular vision must be considered for optimal performance. PAL selection depends on lifestyle, occupation, and adaptation needs. They are generally suitable for most presbyopes but some may prefer other options due to visual or physical factors.
Progressive addition lenses (PALs) provide a gradual transition from distance to near vision without visible lines. PAL designs aim to maximize clear vision zones for distance, intermediate, and near viewing. Key design considerations include lens hardness, symmetry, prescription parameters, and lens surface asphericity. Modern PALs utilize advanced optical modeling and eye tracking technology to minimize distortions and provide natural vision across a wide range of viewing distances. While PALs offer continuous vision without lines, their transition zones may require more eye and head movement compared to single vision lenses.
This document summarizes a review article on progressive addition lenses (PALs). It discusses the design, structures, and optical characteristics of PALs. Key points include:
- PALs provide continuous vision from distance to near without lines or edges by gradually increasing lens power from upper to lower portions.
- Advanced designs incorporate the prescription onto the back surface rather than just the front, reducing distortions and expanding clear vision zones.
- Wavefront technology further optimizes PALs by reducing higher-order aberrations at all distances.
- Different PAL designs are suited for specific needs like reading, computers, or a balance of distances. Patient needs should be considered when selecting a design.
Progressive addition lenses are lenses that gradually change in optical power from the top to the bottom to provide clear vision at all distances without visible lines. They were invented in 1907 and the Varilux 1 was introduced in 1959. Unlike bifocals or trifocals, progressives ensure smooth vision at all distances. The power increase is achieved by gradually decreasing the lens curvature vertically and horizontally. Progressives have advantages over other lenses like continuous vision and no visible lines. Optical design factors like add power, corridor length, and zone widths affect progressives. Proper fitting involves adjusting the frame position and measuring pupil distance and fitting height.
Progressive Additional lenses, also known as Progressive Addition Lenses or Progressive Power Lenses, provide clear vision at all distances without lines or jumps between areas like bifocals. They feature a continuous progression of power from the distance vision zone near the top to the reading zone at the bottom. Some key points covered in the document include:
- Progressive lenses were invented in the 1950s and have since been improved with advances like digital design and personalized fitting.
- They have benefits over bifocals like a continuous field of vision but also challenges like peripheral distortions during adaptation.
- Factors like lens design (hard vs. soft), additions, and prescription are considered for the best vision and comfort.
- Markings
PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENSES DETAILED CLASS by Optom. Jithin Johneybackbenchersoptometr
This document discusses progressive addition lenses (PALs), including their basic characteristics and design elements. PALs are multifocal lenses with a continuous progression of optical power from the distance to near prescription across an intermediate zone. They come in different designs that vary characteristics like the size of the distance and near zones, length of the progressive corridor, and amount of peripheral astigmatism and distortion. Considerations for prescribing PALs include fitting height, vertex distance, pantoscopic tilt, and frame face form to optimize vision and comfort.
This document provides information about progressive additional lenses (PALs). It discusses the history of PALs dating back to 1907. It describes the construction of PALs including the distance, intermediate, and near zones. The document outlines important markings on PALs and explains the optical design considerations like add power, corridor length, and zone widths. It also discusses different PAL designs, advantages and disadvantages of PALs, limitations of PALs, how to measure and re-mark PALs, fitting considerations, and popular PAL brands available.
Multifocal contact lenses can correct both near and far vision, allowing those with presbyopia to be less dependent on reading glasses. There are several types of multifocal lens designs, including soft, gas permeable, and hybrid lenses. The most common designs are diffractive and concentric bifocal patterns, but aspheric and translating designs are also options. While multifocals provide clear vision at multiple distances, some people struggle with adaptation or side effects like glare and haloes. Reading glasses or monovision may be alternatives if multifocals do not work well for an individual.
Catalog VORTEX All About Optics | Optics Trade | 2014Optics-Trade
This document provides information about optics and factors to consider when choosing optics. It discusses how quality optical glass and advanced lens coatings can provide clearer, sharper images. Specifications like eye relief, field of view, exit pupil, and resolution are explained to help determine if optics are suitable for their intended use. Higher quality materials and design tolerances may cost more initially but provide better performance and reliability.
This document discusses lens design parameters and special lens designs used for high plus and high minus prescriptions. It describes key considerations in lens design like surface curvature, optical indices, element spacing, and aspheric lenses. Special lens designs discussed include lenticular lenses, multidrop lenses, and myodiscs for high prescriptions. Aspheric lenses are described as having non-uniform curvature across the surface to reduce thickness and improve cosmesis for high plus and minus prescriptions.
Contact lenses were first used in 1880 and were made of glass, but modern contact lenses are made of soft hydrogel or rigid gas-permeable materials. Contact lenses have several optical advantages over glasses such as a larger field of vision, smaller changes in image size with different viewing angles, and less induced astigmatism and prism. The tear layer between a contact lens and the cornea acts as an optical lens (tear lens) that partially corrects astigmatism and influences the final refractive power. Characteristics of different types of contact lenses like soft, rigid gas-permeable and scleral lenses are described for correcting various refractive errors and irregular corneas.
This document discusses different designs of progressive additional lenses (PALs). It describes hard and soft, symmetrical and asymmetrical, mono and multi designs. Conventional PALs add power on the front surface while internal PALs add power to the back surface. Digital PALs and freeform technology allow for smoother progression of power. Specialty PALs include short corridor and near variable focus lenses tailored for specific tasks. The document provides details on characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each PAL design.
A survey of some interesting Gregorian telescope designs includes some with all spherical surfaces as well as some with a 20 meter spherical f/1.0 primary mirror and sub-aperture corrector mirrors.
contact lens terminology some basic definitionsShahla Thesnim
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2. Presentation Layout
Introduction to PAL
Structural features and optical characteristics
Optical description of progressive lenses
PAL designs
Special design PALs
Performance characteristics of PAL
Prism thinning in PAL
Lens design selection
Summary
3. WHAT ARE PROGRESSIVE
ADDITION LENSES?
A lens designed for presbyopes with power
gradually increasing from the distance zone,
through a progressive zone to the near zone.
Curvature of surface increases from its minimum
value in distance zone to maximum value in near
zone
5. History of progressive lenses
1950s Virulux from Essel (now Essilor) by
Bernard Maitenaz
- Hard design, symmetric lens
1970s Varilux II
- Hard design, asymmetric
1980s families of lenses ( hard , soft and in-
between)
- Lenses for different patient types or uses
1990s New soft lenses (multi-design)
- Lenses for all users and adapted to all
prescriptions
6. Progressive power lens offers
Vision at all distance
More natural use of accommodation
No image jump
Thinner and lighter
Eye rotation is required to see from distance to
near vision area and head movement is required
to see across the lateral areas of astigmatism
7. STRUCTURAL FEATURES & OPTICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Distance zone: A stabilized region in the upper
portion of lens provides the specified distance
prescription.
Near zone: A stabilized region in the lower portion
of lens provides the specified Add power
8. Progressive corridor: A corridor of increasing
power connects these two zones and provides
intermediate or mid range vision
The length of corridor is the distance from the
center of the fitting cross to the position where
85% of the near add is achieved.
Blending region: The peripheral regions of the
lens contain non prescribed cylinder power and
provide only minimal visual acuity
9.
10. Umbilicus
A vertex line along which spherical add power
increases towards the bottom of the lens
Surrounding the vertex line are increasing
amount of unwanted astigmatism
Lens Radius Changes Along
Umbilical Line
11. Minkwitz’s Theorem
The rate of change in unwanted cylinder power (Δ
Cyl) at a small distance away from the centerline
of progressive corridor is nearly equal to twice the
rate of change in Add power (Δ Add) over an
equal distance along the centerline of the corridor
12. The average rate of change in Add power along
the progressive corridor is equal to the total add
power divided by the corridor length of lens
15. POWER PROFILE
The curve represents the power progression of
the lens along its meridional line from distance to
near vision
16. CONTOUR PLOT
Two dimensional map of the lens representing
either the distribution of power or of astigmatism
The map shows lines of equal dioptric values
(isopower or iso-astigmatism)
Between two consecutive lines, the power or
astigmatism varies by a constant values
17.
18. GRID PLOT
The grid highlights the distribution of prismatic
effects of the lens by showing how they alter a
regular rectangular grid
19. THREE DIMENSIONAL PLOT
A 3-D representation which plots vertically the
value of a given optical characteristic at each
point of lens in relation to a reference plane
May be used to show the distribution of power,
astigmatism, prismatic effects, gradients of power
variations
More demonstrative of lens characteristics than
contour plot
26. Hard design Soft design
Wide distance and reading zones
Narrow intermediate zones
Close spacing of contour lines
Reduced distance and reading zones
Wider intermediate zone
Wide spacing of contour lines
27. Indication for selection of hard
design and soft design
Hard design :
Previous successful hard lens wearers
People who do a lot of reading
Soft design :
Young presbyopes
Active outdoor profession
Professional driver
28. SYMMETRICAL VS
ASYMMETRICAL DESIGN
Symmetrical designs
Conventional PALs
Right and left lenses were identical
The lens blank were rotated 9 to 11° nasally to
achieve the desired near inset
29.
30. Asymmetrical design
Separate designs for the right and left lenses
Amount of cylinder power on either side of
progressive corridor is adjusted independently,
which allows the near inset to be achieved
without rotating the lens design
The progressive corridor is initially designed at an
angle with the necessary nasalward inclination
Provides better binocular alignment between the
right and left viewing zones with large binocular
field of view
31. Horizontal symmetry
Lenses were asymmetrical but designed to give
the wearer equal acuities and prismatic effects at
all corresponding points of gaze in order to
achieve excellent binocular vision
32.
33. MONO DESIGN
It classify hard and soft
Maintain design principles throughout the range
of addition
It describe the characteristics of progressive zone
with a range of power for a given design
34. MULTI DESIGN
In 1988, Essilor introduced PAL that used a
different design for each reading addition
Incorporates the best features of hard and soft
lenses
Low reading additions were combined with a soft
design which become harder as the add power is
increased
The reading area remain almost constant
throughout the range
Ensure the visual comfort and ease of adaptation
at each stage of presbyopia
36. PRESCRIPTION BASED
DESIGN
Dedicated design for every base and add
Design by base-different designs for hyperopes,
myopes and emmetropes
Design by add- effective near zone sizes change
as the add increases
Near inset position varies relative to level of
presbyopia and reading distance
Corridor length also varies relative to both base
and add.
37. NEW PAL DESIGNS
Atoric progressives
Position of wear or as worn lens design
Personalized progressives
Internal progressives
38. ATORIC PROGRESSIVES
Oblique astigmatism can be corrected for
spherical lenses by using an aspheric surface
But if the lens had two different powers i.e when
prescribed cylinder power is present, then oblique
astigmatism could only be corrected for both
meridians at once if an atoric lens design is used
In PAL, oblique astigmatism caused by lens
aberration combine with unwanted cylinder in
lens periphery
39. Free form technology used to produce atoric
surfaces
Process begins by generating the lens surface
using a three axis computer numerically
controlled (CNC) generator
With three possible axes of movement, single
point cutting tools can produce any lens surface
with a high degree of accuracy and smoothness
E.g. Ziess Gradal Individual, Varilux Physio 360
40. POSITION-OF-WEAR OR AS-
WORN LENS DESIGNS
Includes following factors in the design of lens on
an individual basis
Pantascopic tilt
Vertex distance
An aspheric or atoric surface
The practitioner specify the sphere, cylinder and
axis measures along with vertex distance and
pantascopic tilt
41. When the prescription is received, an optimum
base curve is chosen for the front surface of lens
and prescription is modified to allow for tilt and
vertex distance
Then the amount of asphercity needed in each
major meridian is calculated
E.g. Rodenstock Multigressiv 2 lens
42. PERSONALIZED
PROGRESSIVES
Designed to match the unique head and eye
movements of the wearers
Uses an instrument called VisionPrint System to
measure head and eye movement
The lens is designed so that the near viewing
area will match the personal viewing habits of the
wearer
E.g. Varilux Ipseo
43.
44. SPECIAL PURPOSE PALS
Short corridor progressive lenses
Near variable progressive lenses
Occupational progressives that include distance
powers
45. SHORT CORRIDOR
PROGRESSIVE LENSES
Allows a PAL to be worn in a frame with a small
vertical dimension
Faster transition from the distance and near
portion of lens
Wearer is quickly into the near portion when
looking downward
Minimum fitting height should be suitable for the
frame
48. OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESSIVES
WITH DISTANCE POWER
Used for small office environments and computer
viewing
Include a small distance portion located at the top
of lens
Intermediate area of the lens positioned in front of
eye
Intermediate and near zones considerably wider
than standard progressives but not as wide as
near variable focus lenses
53. PRISM THINNING IN PAL
Increase thickness of PAL when the distance
powers are either plus or low minus
Result of steepening front curve in the lower half
of lens
To reduce the thickness, base down prism can be
added to whole lens
a yoked base down prism
54.
55. The amount of prism needed to thin the lens
varies according to the strength of addition, size
and shape of lens after edging, and design of
lens
Varilux suggests adding prism power amounting
to approx. two thirds of the power of the add
56. LENS DESIGN SELECTION
Consider how the wearer uses their lenses
For most wearers a good modern progressive
lens design is the best solution
But not all designs provide wide fields of view at
distance, intermediate and near
Consider the design that will suit the wearer
general purpose : balanced fields of view
mainly for reading : wide near visual fields
mainly for computer : wide intermediate visual fields
57. PATIENT SELECTION FOR PAL
Who are good candidate?
Those who require add power for certain task but
prefer edge not visible
Presbyope complaining image jump
Emerging presbyopes
Person needing trifocal
58. Who are Poor candidate?
Having motion sickness
Satisfied with bifocal
High add requirement(3.00D)
Significant vertical muscle imbalance
Anisometropia (>3Ds)
59. SUMMARY
Any lens for presbyope is a compromise and so is
the
PALs
Proper understanding of lens design is important
Proper coordination with the patient requirements
and lens design selection
Add power and corridor height
60. REFERENCES
System for Ophthalmic Dispensing 3rd edition ,
W.brooks, M. Borish
Clinical Optics 2nd edition, Theodore Grosvenor
Borish’s Clinical Refraction, William J. Benjamin
Fundamentals of Progressive Lens Design, Darryl
Miester
Progressive Addition Lenses, Essilor Academy
Ophthalmic lenses and dispensing M.O Jalie