Refraction 2 k n jha 25.08.16
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This document discusses hyperopia, presbyopia, and accommodation. Hyperopia is defined and its clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment are described. Presbyopia is defined as the gradual loss of accommodation ability with age. Accommodation is the ability of the eye to change focus by changing the lens shape. Presbyopia develops as this ability is lost. Treatments for presbyopia include convex lenses. Accommodative problems like excess and insufficiency are also discussed.
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Refraction 3 k n jha 31.08.16
This document discusses refractive errors caused by astigmatism and aphakia. It defines astigmatism as a condition where light rays do not focus to a single point due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens. There are different types of regular and irregular astigmatism that are corrected using cylindrical lenses. It also explains aphakia as the absence of the crystalline lens and pseudophakia as an implanted intraocular lens. Aphakia causes high hypermetropia and is corrected using intraocular lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.
Corection of sph ametropia
There are two methods of evaluating refractive error: subjective refraction which relies on patient feedback, and objective refraction which relies on the examiner's judgement. Subjective refraction involves correcting the spherical error, determining astigmatism, and modifying the correction while controlling accommodation. The examiner determines the best vision sphere by adding lenses until blurring occurs and establishes the maximum plus or minimum minus power tolerated. Objective refraction uses retinoscopy to initially determine the spherical error. A pinhole can estimate the maximum correctable vision by reducing the size of blurred retinal images caused by uncorrected refractive errors.
Low vision rehabilitation in patients with retinal dystrophy
The presentation I have made and uploaded provides you with an in-depth insight into the rehabilitation of patients with retinal dystrophy on the part of LOW VSION. It also details the features the patients present with and specific tests that are launched.
The author does not assume responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.
No copyright infringement, or plagiarism intended.
Amrit Pokharel
Refractive error
This document discusses various types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It describes the causes and characteristics of each condition as well as common symptoms. Treatment options are also outlined including spectacle lenses, contact lenses, and various surgical procedures to correct refractive errors.
Refrective errors of eyes
Visual acuity refers to the sharpness and clarity of vision. It is affected by factors like the size and contrast of the object, as well as optical and retinal factors in the eye. The normal visual acuity allows discrimination of objects spaced 1 minute of arc apart. Visual acuity declines in the peripheral vision due to the dense concentration of photoreceptors in the fovea. Common refractive errors that impair visual acuity include myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. These errors occur when the eye is not the proper length or shape to focus light correctly on the retina.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is the loss of accommodation ability that occurs with aging. It results from a loss of elasticity in the lens and ciliary muscles. By age 40-45, most people experience difficulty seeing objects close up. Symptoms include problems with near vision that are worse in low light. It is diagnosed by reduced amplitude of accommodation. Treatment involves using reading glasses, bifocals, or progressive lenses to add the needed optical power for near vision. Multifocal contact lenses and refractive surgery can also help treat presbyopia.
Refraction
This is a slide show presentation I prepared for the Technical Support staff at Topcon Medical Systems to introduce and familiarize the art of refraction.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is the loss of accommodation that occurs with aging. It results in a decreased ability to focus on near objects and is caused by lenticular and extralenticular changes within the eye. Symptoms typically begin around age 40 and accommodation is completely lost by ages 50-60, affecting 100% of the population. Treatment options include reading glasses, bifocal and multifocal contact lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, and intraocular lens implants. Newer treatments being researched include corneal inlays and injectable accommodating intraocular lenses.
Recommended
Refraction 3 k n jha 31.08.16
This document discusses refractive errors caused by astigmatism and aphakia. It defines astigmatism as a condition where light rays do not focus to a single point due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens. There are different types of regular and irregular astigmatism that are corrected using cylindrical lenses. It also explains aphakia as the absence of the crystalline lens and pseudophakia as an implanted intraocular lens. Aphakia causes high hypermetropia and is corrected using intraocular lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.
Corection of sph ametropia
There are two methods of evaluating refractive error: subjective refraction which relies on patient feedback, and objective refraction which relies on the examiner's judgement. Subjective refraction involves correcting the spherical error, determining astigmatism, and modifying the correction while controlling accommodation. The examiner determines the best vision sphere by adding lenses until blurring occurs and establishes the maximum plus or minimum minus power tolerated. Objective refraction uses retinoscopy to initially determine the spherical error. A pinhole can estimate the maximum correctable vision by reducing the size of blurred retinal images caused by uncorrected refractive errors.
Low vision rehabilitation in patients with retinal dystrophy
The presentation I have made and uploaded provides you with an in-depth insight into the rehabilitation of patients with retinal dystrophy on the part of LOW VSION. It also details the features the patients present with and specific tests that are launched.
The author does not assume responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.
No copyright infringement, or plagiarism intended.
Amrit Pokharel
Refractive error
This document discusses various types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It describes the causes and characteristics of each condition as well as common symptoms. Treatment options are also outlined including spectacle lenses, contact lenses, and various surgical procedures to correct refractive errors.
Refrective errors of eyes
Visual acuity refers to the sharpness and clarity of vision. It is affected by factors like the size and contrast of the object, as well as optical and retinal factors in the eye. The normal visual acuity allows discrimination of objects spaced 1 minute of arc apart. Visual acuity declines in the peripheral vision due to the dense concentration of photoreceptors in the fovea. Common refractive errors that impair visual acuity include myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. These errors occur when the eye is not the proper length or shape to focus light correctly on the retina.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is the loss of accommodation ability that occurs with aging. It results from a loss of elasticity in the lens and ciliary muscles. By age 40-45, most people experience difficulty seeing objects close up. Symptoms include problems with near vision that are worse in low light. It is diagnosed by reduced amplitude of accommodation. Treatment involves using reading glasses, bifocals, or progressive lenses to add the needed optical power for near vision. Multifocal contact lenses and refractive surgery can also help treat presbyopia.
Refraction
This is a slide show presentation I prepared for the Technical Support staff at Topcon Medical Systems to introduce and familiarize the art of refraction.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is the loss of accommodation that occurs with aging. It results in a decreased ability to focus on near objects and is caused by lenticular and extralenticular changes within the eye. Symptoms typically begin around age 40 and accommodation is completely lost by ages 50-60, affecting 100% of the population. Treatment options include reading glasses, bifocal and multifocal contact lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, and intraocular lens implants. Newer treatments being researched include corneal inlays and injectable accommodating intraocular lenses.
Refractive errors
Hyperopia, also known as hypermetropia, is a refractive error where light focuses behind the retina rather than on it when the eye is at rest and not accommodating. This results in a blurred image. The eye will unconsciously accommodate to try and bring the image into focus. Hyperopia can be corrected using a convex lens, which helps bring the light rays back to focus on the retina. It is often not noticed until later in life when the eye loses its ability to accommodate as strongly.
Errors of refraction
This document provides an overview of common errors of refraction, including emmetropia, ametropia, hypermetropia, myopia, and astigmatism. It defines each condition and discusses their etiology, classification, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management approaches. For each error of refraction, the document describes optical and surgical treatment options as well as important considerations for treatment in children versus adults. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding and managing different types of refractive errors.
Refractive Errors
This document discusses refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It defines key terms like diopter, focal length, refractive index and explains how the eye's refractive power and axial length relate. Causes and corrections of refractive errors like glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery are covered. Development of refractive errors and amblyopia over lifetime are summarized.
Myopia eye disease
Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is a condition where light entering the eye focuses in front of the retina rather than directly on it. This causes distant objects to appear blurry while close objects are in focus. It occurs when the eyeball grows too long or the cornea has too much curvature. Myopia can be classified by degree of severity from low to high based on the strength of corrective lens needed. Common symptoms include blurred distance vision and eye strain. It is easily corrected using eyeglasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, or vision shaping treatment.
Refraction and refractive errors
This document discusses the optical system of the eye and various types of refractive errors. It begins by explaining how the cornea and lens are responsible for most of the eye's refractive power. It then discusses schematic eyes and different types of ametropia including myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. The document provides details on causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment options for each refractive error.
Aphakia
- Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens from the eye. It can be congenital or caused by surgery or trauma.
- In aphakia, the eye becomes highly hyperopic, the anterior focal point moves forward, and the retinal image is magnified. This decreases visual acuity and field of view.
- Aphakia is treated with spectacles, contact lenses, or intraocular lenses. Spectacles cause issues like increased image size, ring scotomas, and reduced field of view. Contact lenses and IOLs provide better image quality but have risks of complications.
Hypermetropia
1. Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where parallel rays of light focus behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hyperopia including axial, curvatural, and aphakia hyperopia.
2. Hyperopia is more common than myopia and prevalence varies by age, gender, and ethnicity. The most common form is simple or developmental hyperopia resulting from normal biological variations in eyeball development.
3. Symptoms of hyperopia include blurred vision, asthenopia, and eye strain with near work. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to fully or partially correct the refractive error.
Refraction in different refractive errors and their Management
A DETAILED AND SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION ON REFRACTION IN VARIOUS OCULAR REFRACTIVE STATES - Management.
Myopia
This document provides information about myopia (nearsightedness), including its definition, causes, types, classifications, signs and symptoms, and treatment options. It discusses the different mechanisms that can cause myopia, including excessive axial length growth. It classifies myopia based on clinical features, degree, and age of onset. Treatment options covered include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses, as well as surgical procedures like LASIK, PRK, phakic IOL implantation, and corneal ring segments.
Aphakia by SURAJ CHHETRI
This document discusses aphakia, which is the absence of the crystalline lens from the eye. It covers the causes of aphakia, the optics and clinical features of the condition, and the various methods used to correct refractive errors in aphakic patients, including spectacles, contact lenses, and intraocular lenses. The advantages and disadvantages of each correction method are presented, as well as common problems experienced by newly corrected aphakic patients.
Retinoscopy and its principles
This document provides an overview of retinoscopy, including:
- A brief history and the development of different types of retinoscopes.
- The optical principles behind how retinoscopy works to assess refractive error.
- Different techniques for performing retinoscopy, including static, dynamic, and near retinoscopy.
- Factors that can impact the results or make retinoscopy more difficult in some patients.
- Uses of retinoscopy beyond assessing refractive error, such as detecting other ocular issues.
Refractive error
Refractive error means that the shape of your eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image. The main types of refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (loss of near vision with age), and astigmatism.
Aphakia and pseudophakia
This document discusses aphakia and pseudophakia. It defines aphakia as the absence of the crystalline lens and lists various causes. It describes how aphakia changes the optical properties of the eye, eliminating accommodation. Treatment options for aphakia include spectacles, contact lenses, and intraocular lens implantation. Spectacles can cause issues like image magnification, roving ring scotomas, and restricted visual field. Contact lenses and intraocular lenses are better options as they avoid these problems but have disadvantages as well. Pseudophakia refers to the condition after intraocular lens implantation to correct aphakia. The document discusses calculating the power of intraocular lenses and the different refractive outcomes
Optics of ametropia
brief description of the optics of an ametropic eye namely myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism and aphakia.
Sau
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it. It can be caused by several factors such as an abnormally short eyeball or a flat cornea. Symptoms may include eyestrain, headaches, or blurred vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity testing, refraction, and examination of ocular health. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, and vision therapy in cases with accommodative or binocular issues. The appropriate treatment depends on factors like the degree of hypermetropia and the patient's age.
Presbyopia, Anisometropia & Aphakia
A presentation gives a hint on 3 topics related to refractive errors; the first is presbyopia, the second is anisometropia & the third is Aphakia.
Hypermetropia ppt
This document discusses hyperopia (farsightedness), which occurs when parallel rays of light focus behind the retina at rest. It defines different types of hyperopia such as physiological and pathological. Symptoms include eye strain, headaches, and blurred near vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity tests, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction. Treatment options include convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery like LASIK. The prevalence of hyperopia changes with age, from high levels in infants to low levels in adults that may increase again in older age.
Aphakia
Aphakia is the absence of the eye's crystalline lens. Without the lens, the eye is hyperopic and vision is blurred for both distance and near. There are several treatment options for aphakia including spectacles, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, and refractive corneal surgery. Spectacles are the most basic option but have several disadvantages like increased retinal image size, decreased field of view, and presence of ring scotomas. Other options aim to address these issues and improve vision.
By pd aphakia & pseudophakia
Pseudophakia refers to the condition after cataract surgery when an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) has been implanted to replace the removed natural crystalline lens. The document discusses the optics and clinical symptoms of aphakia when no lens is present, as well as the types and methods of calculating the power of IOLs used in pseudophakia to restore vision. Complications like consecutive hyperopia or myopia, astigmatism, and visual issues due to the IOL like roving ring scotomas are also outlined.
Refractive errors
This document discusses different types of refractive errors of the eye including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It defines each condition, describes their causes, provides diagrams, and discusses methods of correction through lenses, contacts, or surgery. Key points covered include how convex and concave lenses affect light rays, the role of the lens and ciliary muscle in accommodation, and how refractive errors cause blurry or unfocused images on the retina.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is an age-related condition characterized by a progressive loss of the eye's ability to focus on near objects, due to a decrease in accommodative amplitude. It typically begins after age 40 as the lens becomes harder and less flexible. Symptoms include difficulty seeing objects clearly at near distances, asthenopic symptoms like eyestrain, and intermittent double vision. Treatment options include optical correction with reading glasses or bifocals, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. The appropriate addition for reading glasses is estimated based on age but should be adjusted based on an individual's specific working distance needs.
NETRA on SIGGRAPH 2010
1) NETRA is an interactive display that estimates refractive errors and focal range by taking the inverse approach of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. It uses high-resolution displays and user interaction rather than lasers and sensors.
2) The user interacts with patterns on the display to measure their farthest and nearest focal points, allowing NETRA to determine refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, as well as the overall focal range.
3) NETRA has applications in low-cost, portable eye exams that could improve eye care access in developing countries. Over 600 million people lack corrective glasses due to limited resources.
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Refractive errors
Hyperopia, also known as hypermetropia, is a refractive error where light focuses behind the retina rather than on it when the eye is at rest and not accommodating. This results in a blurred image. The eye will unconsciously accommodate to try and bring the image into focus. Hyperopia can be corrected using a convex lens, which helps bring the light rays back to focus on the retina. It is often not noticed until later in life when the eye loses its ability to accommodate as strongly.
Errors of refraction
This document provides an overview of common errors of refraction, including emmetropia, ametropia, hypermetropia, myopia, and astigmatism. It defines each condition and discusses their etiology, classification, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management approaches. For each error of refraction, the document describes optical and surgical treatment options as well as important considerations for treatment in children versus adults. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding and managing different types of refractive errors.
Refractive Errors
This document discusses refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It defines key terms like diopter, focal length, refractive index and explains how the eye's refractive power and axial length relate. Causes and corrections of refractive errors like glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery are covered. Development of refractive errors and amblyopia over lifetime are summarized.
Myopia eye disease
Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is a condition where light entering the eye focuses in front of the retina rather than directly on it. This causes distant objects to appear blurry while close objects are in focus. It occurs when the eyeball grows too long or the cornea has too much curvature. Myopia can be classified by degree of severity from low to high based on the strength of corrective lens needed. Common symptoms include blurred distance vision and eye strain. It is easily corrected using eyeglasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, or vision shaping treatment.
Refraction and refractive errors
This document discusses the optical system of the eye and various types of refractive errors. It begins by explaining how the cornea and lens are responsible for most of the eye's refractive power. It then discusses schematic eyes and different types of ametropia including myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. The document provides details on causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment options for each refractive error.
Aphakia
- Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens from the eye. It can be congenital or caused by surgery or trauma.
- In aphakia, the eye becomes highly hyperopic, the anterior focal point moves forward, and the retinal image is magnified. This decreases visual acuity and field of view.
- Aphakia is treated with spectacles, contact lenses, or intraocular lenses. Spectacles cause issues like increased image size, ring scotomas, and reduced field of view. Contact lenses and IOLs provide better image quality but have risks of complications.
Hypermetropia
1. Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where parallel rays of light focus behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hyperopia including axial, curvatural, and aphakia hyperopia.
2. Hyperopia is more common than myopia and prevalence varies by age, gender, and ethnicity. The most common form is simple or developmental hyperopia resulting from normal biological variations in eyeball development.
3. Symptoms of hyperopia include blurred vision, asthenopia, and eye strain with near work. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to fully or partially correct the refractive error.
Refraction in different refractive errors and their Management
A DETAILED AND SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION ON REFRACTION IN VARIOUS OCULAR REFRACTIVE STATES - Management.
Myopia
This document provides information about myopia (nearsightedness), including its definition, causes, types, classifications, signs and symptoms, and treatment options. It discusses the different mechanisms that can cause myopia, including excessive axial length growth. It classifies myopia based on clinical features, degree, and age of onset. Treatment options covered include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses, as well as surgical procedures like LASIK, PRK, phakic IOL implantation, and corneal ring segments.
Aphakia by SURAJ CHHETRI
This document discusses aphakia, which is the absence of the crystalline lens from the eye. It covers the causes of aphakia, the optics and clinical features of the condition, and the various methods used to correct refractive errors in aphakic patients, including spectacles, contact lenses, and intraocular lenses. The advantages and disadvantages of each correction method are presented, as well as common problems experienced by newly corrected aphakic patients.
Retinoscopy and its principles
This document provides an overview of retinoscopy, including:
- A brief history and the development of different types of retinoscopes.
- The optical principles behind how retinoscopy works to assess refractive error.
- Different techniques for performing retinoscopy, including static, dynamic, and near retinoscopy.
- Factors that can impact the results or make retinoscopy more difficult in some patients.
- Uses of retinoscopy beyond assessing refractive error, such as detecting other ocular issues.
Refractive error
Refractive error means that the shape of your eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image. The main types of refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (loss of near vision with age), and astigmatism.
Aphakia and pseudophakia
This document discusses aphakia and pseudophakia. It defines aphakia as the absence of the crystalline lens and lists various causes. It describes how aphakia changes the optical properties of the eye, eliminating accommodation. Treatment options for aphakia include spectacles, contact lenses, and intraocular lens implantation. Spectacles can cause issues like image magnification, roving ring scotomas, and restricted visual field. Contact lenses and intraocular lenses are better options as they avoid these problems but have disadvantages as well. Pseudophakia refers to the condition after intraocular lens implantation to correct aphakia. The document discusses calculating the power of intraocular lenses and the different refractive outcomes
Optics of ametropia
brief description of the optics of an ametropic eye namely myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism and aphakia.
Sau
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it. It can be caused by several factors such as an abnormally short eyeball or a flat cornea. Symptoms may include eyestrain, headaches, or blurred vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity testing, refraction, and examination of ocular health. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, and vision therapy in cases with accommodative or binocular issues. The appropriate treatment depends on factors like the degree of hypermetropia and the patient's age.
Presbyopia, Anisometropia & Aphakia
A presentation gives a hint on 3 topics related to refractive errors; the first is presbyopia, the second is anisometropia & the third is Aphakia.
Hypermetropia ppt
This document discusses hyperopia (farsightedness), which occurs when parallel rays of light focus behind the retina at rest. It defines different types of hyperopia such as physiological and pathological. Symptoms include eye strain, headaches, and blurred near vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity tests, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction. Treatment options include convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery like LASIK. The prevalence of hyperopia changes with age, from high levels in infants to low levels in adults that may increase again in older age.
Aphakia
Aphakia is the absence of the eye's crystalline lens. Without the lens, the eye is hyperopic and vision is blurred for both distance and near. There are several treatment options for aphakia including spectacles, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, and refractive corneal surgery. Spectacles are the most basic option but have several disadvantages like increased retinal image size, decreased field of view, and presence of ring scotomas. Other options aim to address these issues and improve vision.
By pd aphakia & pseudophakia
Pseudophakia refers to the condition after cataract surgery when an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) has been implanted to replace the removed natural crystalline lens. The document discusses the optics and clinical symptoms of aphakia when no lens is present, as well as the types and methods of calculating the power of IOLs used in pseudophakia to restore vision. Complications like consecutive hyperopia or myopia, astigmatism, and visual issues due to the IOL like roving ring scotomas are also outlined.
Refractive errors
This document discusses different types of refractive errors of the eye including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It defines each condition, describes their causes, provides diagrams, and discusses methods of correction through lenses, contacts, or surgery. Key points covered include how convex and concave lenses affect light rays, the role of the lens and ciliary muscle in accommodation, and how refractive errors cause blurry or unfocused images on the retina.
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Refraction in different refractive errors and their Management
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Presbyopia
Presbyopia is an age-related condition characterized by a progressive loss of the eye's ability to focus on near objects, due to a decrease in accommodative amplitude. It typically begins after age 40 as the lens becomes harder and less flexible. Symptoms include difficulty seeing objects clearly at near distances, asthenopic symptoms like eyestrain, and intermittent double vision. Treatment options include optical correction with reading glasses or bifocals, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. The appropriate addition for reading glasses is estimated based on age but should be adjusted based on an individual's specific working distance needs.
NETRA on SIGGRAPH 2010
1) NETRA is an interactive display that estimates refractive errors and focal range by taking the inverse approach of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. It uses high-resolution displays and user interaction rather than lasers and sensors.
2) The user interacts with patterns on the display to measure their farthest and nearest focal points, allowing NETRA to determine refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, as well as the overall focal range.
3) NETRA has applications in low-cost, portable eye exams that could improve eye care access in developing countries. Over 600 million people lack corrective glasses due to limited resources.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is a natural part of the aging process where the eye's ability to focus on nearby objects decreases, requiring reading material to be held farther away. It results from a loss of accommodative amplitude and facility. Symptoms include blurred near vision, headaches, and fatigue when doing close work. Presbyopia is diagnosed through visual acuity and refraction tests and treated with reading glasses or contact lenses, and in some cases refractive surgery like monovision LASIK or lens replacement.
Refractive errors of eye ophthalmology astigmatism hypermetropia myopia medic...
This document discusses various refractive errors of the eye including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It provides details on the etiology, classification, signs, symptoms, and treatment options for each condition. Key points include:
- Myopia is caused by the eyeball being too long or the cornea having too much curvature. It is usually treated with concave glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery like LASIK.
- Hypermetropia is caused by the eyeball being too short or the cornea having too weak curvature. It can be corrected with convex glasses, contact lenses, or refractive procedures.
- Astig
Astigmatism - Common Eye Condition
Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is oval rather than spherical, causing blurred vision. It is usually hereditary but can also result from eye injury. Symptoms include blurred near and distant vision. Astigmatism can be detected through an eye exam and is treated with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to reshape the cornea into a spherical form. The goal of treatments is to correct the astigmatic cornea and improve vision.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is a form of farsightedness that affects most people in their early 60s, as the eye's ability to accommodate decreases with age. It is caused by weakening ciliary muscles and a less flexible crystalline lens. Simple reading glasses with convex lenses usually correct presbyopia. Sometimes both myopia and hypermetropia are present, requiring bifocal lenses with a concave upper portion for distance and convex lower portion for reading.
Astigmatism is a defect where the cornea is not perfectly spherical, having different curvatures vertically and horizontally. This causes distorted vision as horizontal and vertical lines cannot be focused simultaneously. The irregular cornea shape is usually the cause. Cylind
Laser Vision Clinic Central Coast results for 2013 and Presbyopia management ...
This document contains data from a study analyzing outcomes of laser vision correction surgery. It includes:
- Demographic data on 227 eyes that underwent surgery
- Pre-operative and 1-month post-operative refractive data
- Visual acuity outcomes showing high percentages of eyes achieving 6/6 or better vision
- Comparisons to outcomes from a large study in Singapore showing results are on par or better
- A trial using software to induce spherical aberration to increase depth of field for presbyopia treatment
- Questions about optical characteristics of the cornea and strategies for presbyopia treatment
Corneal surgery
This document discusses corneal surgery, including corneal refractive surgery and corneal transplant surgery. It describes the different types of corneal refractive surgery, which include flap surgery techniques like LASIK and surface procedures like PRK. Corneal transplant surgery, also called keratoplasty, is described as replacing damaged corneal tissue with healthy donor tissue. The common techniques used are penetrating keratoplasty and lamellar keratoplasty. The document outlines the donor corneal preparation and storage methods, as well as the surgical techniques and potential complications of corneal transplant surgery.
Current Trends in Refractive Surgery - Lecture given at Harvard by Emil Chynn...
Dr. Chynn graduated from Harvard's ophthalmology program, which is probably the most famous in the world.
As the only member of his graduating class to specialize in Refractive Surgery, and now an recognized authority, Dr. Chynn is frequently invited back to Harvard to give updates on the State of the Art in Refractive Surgery.
This slide show presentation was given to 100 eye surgeons who flew in from across the country to learn the latest advances in glaucoma, retina, cataract surgery--and laser vision correction (from Dr. Chynn).
The title of his talk reflects the movement in the US and worldwide from leading surgeons that is called "Back to the Surface." This means that surgeons are moving away from LASIK and IntraLase, to avoid flap complications and the # 1 problem causing lawsuits (iatrogenic keratoconus, or KC), and back to the surface.
For some doctors, this means going back to the original procedure, PRK, which has a lot of pain, delayed healing, and scarring.
For Dr. Chynn, this means performing an Advanced Surface Ablation, which is either a LASEK or epiLASEK. These are more advanced than PRK because they do not hurt, healing and recovery is quick, and there is no haze or scarring.
For example, Dr. Chynn performs over 1,000 LASEKs and epiLASEKs per year--he performed his last PRK in 1999.
Obviously, he moved away from PRK to LASIK, then to IntraLase, and now back to the safer LASEK and epiLASEK procedures.
View the following slide show to find out more, and call us with your questions--better yet, come in and meet with our MDs!
Retinoscopy
Retinoscopy is a technique used to objectively measure the refractive error of the eye. Light is directed into the patient's eye to illuminate the retina, and the observer views the resulting reflex to determine the refractive state. There are different types of retinoscopes and techniques used. By observing properties of the fundal reflex such as direction and speed of motion, the observer can determine if the eye is emmetropic, hyperopic, or myopic, and approximately how much refractive error is present. Further testing is done to refine the prescription and determine any astigmatism. Retinoscopy provides an efficient initial objective refraction.
Astigmatism correction
Astigmatism occurs when parallel rays of light focus at multiple points due to the cornea having unequal curvature in different meridians. It can be classified based on the focus of the principal meridians as simple, compound, or mixed. Regular astigmatism occurs when the principal meridians are perpendicular, and can be with-the-rule, against-the-rule, or oblique. Irregular astigmatism results from corneal scarring or conditions like keratoconus. Astigmatism is typically corrected using cylindrical lenses in glasses or toric contact lenses. The decision to correct depends on the amount and whether it is causing symptoms.
Astigmatism, anisometropia, anisekonia.
This document discusses astigmatism, anisometropia, and anisokonia. It defines astigmatism as a refractive error where there is a difference in the degree of refraction in different meridians of the eye. It then covers the incidence, optics, etiology, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of astigmatism. It also defines anisometropia as an unequal refractive power between the two eyes and anisokonia as an unequal size of the retinal images between the eyes.
Global Blindness: Managing presbyopia
Global Blindness: Managing presbyopiaInternational Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
How do we approach the management of presbyopia? In this presentation we define presbyopia and describe its epidemiology before going on to explore considerations for presbyopia service delivery at the community level. As you view the presentation, think about the following: who is affected by presbyopia? What are the main challenges for delivering presbyopia services? Which models of service would be suitable in your local setting?
© 2016 International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.
Taken from the free online course: Global Blindness: Planning and Managing Eye Care Services. We encourage the use and adaptation of this resource for teaching and learning. Find more Open Educational Resources for eye care on our website at http://iceh.lshtm.ac.uk/oer
Presbyopia
Dr. Julian Theng launched the first edition of "A Long-Sighted Look at Presbyopia – Facts, Fiction and Hope" in 2007 to address problems with presbyopia. Eagle Eye Centre is committed to leading treatment for presbyopia and providing patients with the best possible care through a thorough understanding of their situations and a comprehensive range of treatment options. Presbyopia is caused by changes in the lens and supporting muscles that make the lens stiffer and less elastic with age. Treatments for presbyopia include LASIK monovision, corneal inlays, progressive spectacles, multifocal contact lenses, and multifocal lens implants.
Correcting presbyopia - Modern Options
This document provides an overview of modern options for correcting presbyopia. It discusses both static and dynamic correction techniques. Static techniques include glasses, contact lenses, corneal procedures like inlays/onlays, and intraocular lenses using monovision or being multifocal. Dynamic techniques aim to restore accommodation and include accommodating intraocular lenses, lens refilling procedures, and scleral expansion techniques. The document provides details on many of these specific procedures.
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Presbyopia and techniques of measurement
A fantastic presentation in the topic "Presbyopia and techniques of measurement"
A detailed information about presbyopia, techniques of presbyopic add determination and different correction methods.
Informative slide presentation on presbyopia for ophthalmology residents, ophthalmologists, optometrists, ophthalmic assistants, ophthalmic technicians, ophthalmic nurses, medical students, medical professors, teaching guides.
Presentation Contents:
--Introduction to presbyopia
-Types of presbyopia
-Risk factors
-Symptoms and signs
-Refractive error and presbyopia
-Methods of determining near add.
-Management of presbyopia
In a nutshell..
- The evaluation and management of presbyopia are important because significant functional deficits can occur when the condition is left untreated
- Undercorrected or uncorrected presbyopia can cause significant visual disability and have a negative impact on the pt.'s quality of life
- Finally, every tentative addition should be adjusted according to the particular needs of the patient
For Further Reading:
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates.
Laser Blended Vision for Presbyopia:
This document summarizes a technique called Laser Blended Vision for treating presbyopia using a customized laser procedure. It operates through 8 mechanisms including monovision, increased depth of field, and neural processing in the brain. Clinical results show high patient satisfaction and visual outcomes for distance, intermediate, and near vision without glasses for patients with myopia, hyperopia, and emmetropia. Complications were low.
Presbiopia by stanley ogochukwu okerulu
Presbyopia is an age-related condition where the eye's ability to focus on near objects progressively diminishes. It is caused by a loss of elasticity in the crystalline lens as one ages. The first signs are difficulty reading or doing close work, especially in low light, as images blur closer than 25cm from the eyes. Examination shows normal eyes and refraction reveals the need for a near vision correction, usually +1 to +2.5 added to any existing prescription for distance. Treatment involves using bifocal or two pairs of glasses, one for distance and one with a near prescription added.
Advances in presbyopia treatment
The document discusses various surgical and non-surgical treatment modalities for presbyopia including corneal procedures, scleral procedures, intraocular implants, and laser treatments. It provides details on specific procedures and technologies such as conductive keratoplasty, PRK and LASIK ablation patterns, intracorneal inlays, scleral expansion bands, and accommodating, multifocal, and refractive diffractive intraocular lenses. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches are summarized.
refractive surgeries
The document discusses refractive surgeries and provides details on LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) specifically. It summarizes that LASIK combines lamellar corneal surgery using a microkeratome to create a corneal flap with excimer laser ablation of corneal stroma beneath the flap. The procedure involves creating a corneal flap using a microkeratome, ablating the stroma with an excimer laser according to a calculated profile, and repositioning the flap. Complications are minimized as the flap protects underlying tissues from the laser.
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Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)
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MYOPIA.pptx
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend (refract) inaccurately. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye (retina) are focused in front of the retina.
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A basic eye exam can confirm nearsightedness. You can compensate for the blurry vision with eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.
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This document summarizes accommodation and its anomalies. Accommodation allows the eye to focus on near objects by changing the lens shape. With age, the lens loses elasticity causing presbyopia. Anomalies include decreased accommodation like insufficiency and inertia, as well as increased accommodation like spasm. Accommodation insufficiency results in blurred near vision. Treatments include lenses, vision therapy, and ciliary muscle relaxation for spasm.
Refractiveerrors 130309052054-phpapp01
Refractive errors occur when there is a mismatch between the eye's optical power and its axial length. The most common refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Myopia occurs when the eye's axial length is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina. Hyperopia is the opposite, with light focusing behind the retina due to a shorter axial length. Astigmatism causes blurred vision due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens. These refractive errors can be corrected using glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, or intraocular lenses. A complete eye exam using tools like a phoropter and autorefractor can diagnose a patient's refractive error.
Accommodation and convergence
Accomodation is mechanism by which eye changes refractive power by alternating shape of lens in order to focus objects at variable distances
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This document provides guidelines for prescribing glasses in children. It defines various refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. It recommends fully correcting refractive errors over ±4 diopters as these can cause amblyopia. For lower refractive errors, it recommends considering the child's age and visual needs. Anisometropia over 1.5 diopters should also be corrected. Special cases like accommodative esotropia may require bifocals. The goal of treatment is to provide a clear retinal image while maintaining proper accommodation and convergence.
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This document discusses refractive errors and myopia. It begins by defining refractive media and refraction. It then discusses the different types of refractive errors including myopia. For myopia, it discusses the etiology, classification, clinical presentation, complications and management. It notes that the main causes of myopia are excessive axial elongation of the eye or increased curvature of the cornea or lens. The main types of myopia are axial myopia, refractive myopia, and curvature or index myopia. Management options for myopia include glasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery procedures.
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This document discusses esotropia, or inward eye deviation. It defines concomitant and inconcomitant esotropia and describes various types including accommodative, refractive, and early onset esotropia. Accommodative esotropia is caused by excess convergence during accommodation. Refractive accommodative esotropia involves excessive hyperopia. Early onset esotropia develops within 6 months and involves a large, stable deviation. The document outlines signs, etiologies, and management including optical correction, miotics, and surgery for different types of esotropia.
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Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
Psychological Safety as a Foundation for Improvement 12-06-24.pdf
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-Tech
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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Refraction 2 k n jha 25.08.16
- 1. Hyperopia and Presbyopia Prof K N Jha, MS Email: kirtinath.jha@gmail.com
- 2. Learning Aims • Hyperopia: Definition, optics, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment of hyperopia. • Accommodation: Definition, mechanism, measurement. • Presbyopia ( Physiological failure of accommodation) • Treatment of presbyopia
- 3. Hyperopia
- 4. Hyperopia Total hypermetropia comprises of • Latent hypermetropia (portion of hypermetropia which can be revealed only under cycloplegia) • Manifest hypermetropia Facultative hypermetropia , the portion which can be overcome by accommodation. Absolute hypermetropia , The part that cannot be compensated by accommodation.
- 5. Clinical features • In young: -asymptomatic -asthenopia, burning in the eyes -chronic conjunctival congestion - Esotropia( convergent squint) • In older patients: Asymptomatic Early presbyopic symptoms
- 6. Examination of the eye • Small axial length • Small corneal diameter • Shallow anterior chamber • Fundus: Normal, or may suggest features of pseudopapillitis. • Predisposition to angle closure glaucoma.
- 7. Diagnosis of Hyperopia in Young: Cycloplegic Refraction • Cycloplegia is the temporary paralysis of the ciliary muscle with the use of pharmaceutic agent, to stabilize refraction. • Cycloplegic refraction is done in young hyperopes to avoid overcorrection. • Cycloplegic drugs: Atropine sulfate 1% ointment 3 times a day for 3 days; cyclopentolate 1 % drop 2-3 times .
- 8. Treatment • No treatment for low hyperopia in young. • Spectacle correction with plus lenses in symptomatic adult. • Correction of hyperopia plus addition for near in presbyopic age. • Contact lenses • Hyperopic LASIK • Phakic intraocular lens • Holmium : YAG laser thermokeratoplasty
- 10. Accommodation • Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes refractive power by altering the shape of its crystalline lens by mechanism described by Helmholtz.
- 11. Mechanism of accommodation • Contraction of ciliary muscle in response to parasympathetic stimulation. • Relaxation of the zonular fibres. • Lens becomes more convex. The process involves primarily the front surface of the lens. • Accommodation occurs all round the circumference and simultaneously in both the eyes.
- 12. • Near point: Nearest point where small objects can be clearly distinguished is called the near point. • Near point varies with static refraction and age.
- 13. Amplitude of accommodation: diopters in the change of lens power during accommodation. Range of accommodation: distance between the far point and the near point.
- 14. Average amplitude of accommodation • Age in years In dioptres (D) 8 years 14 ± 2 20 years 11 ±2 40 years 6± 2 60 years 1.5±1
- 15. Amplitude of Accommodation and Age
- 16. Accommodation and convergence • Accommodation convergence complex • Accommodation / convergence ratio (AC/A ratio) • Accommodation convergence dissociation
- 17. Clinical accommodative problems • Presbyopia • Accommodative insufficiency • Accommodative excess
- 18. Presbyopia • Presbyopia is gradual loss of accommodative response resulting from loss of elasticity of the lens. • It becomes a clinical problem when accommodative amplitude becomes insufficient for the patient for near work and reading.
- 19. Presbyopia • Age : usually after 40 years • Onset depends upon preexisting refractive error, patients visual task and pupillary size.
- 20. Correction of presbyopia • Convex lens for near work. • The weakest convex lens is prescribed. • May be prescribed as bifocal along with distance correction.
- 21. Accommodative insufficiency • Accommodative insufficiency is premature loss of accommodation( premature presbyopia) • Clinical feature: blurring of near object or, inability to sustain accommodative effort.
- 22. Premature presbyopia: Cause • Concurrent or past debilitating illness • Drugs : Parasympatholytic drugs ,tranquillizers • Neurological disorders e.g. encephalitis • Head trauma • Glaucoma • Diabetes mellitus
- 23. Presbyopia • Treatment : Correction for near vision with convex lenses.
- 24. Accommodative excess • Spasm of Accommodation • Mechanism: Ciliary muscle spasm • Symptoms: Headache, brow ache, variable blurring of distance vision, abnormally close near point.
- 25. Accommodative excess Etiology • Iridocyclitis • Use of anticholinesterases being used for glaucoma • Uncorrected refractive error, hyperopia, astigmatism • Prolonged and intense near work
- 26. Points to Remember • Definition, optics, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment of hyperopia. • Definition, clinical features and correction of presbyopia • Accommodative excess