Non - surgical treatment of squint i.e. all types of squint have some modalities of treatment [ optical treatment, orthoptic treatment, Prismo-therapy, and pharmacological treatment] except surgical treatment. 1. OPTICAL TREATMENT - in optical treatment, it should be include correction of refractive error and prismotherapy. SPECTACLES should be prescribed in every cases. It may correct to squint partially or completely. IN PRISMOTHERAPY, for correction of squint, This is light weight, and easy to apply on the back surface of glass. It is useful in heterophoria, nystagmus, convergence insufficiency, managing diplopia and maintain binocular single vision. IN PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT, miotics, atropine and botulinum toxin are prescribed in some types of cases of strabismus. IN ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT, means straight eyes. It is used as a diagnostic purpose and therapeutic purposes. - to increase fusion amplitude. - anti suppression exercises. - treatment of amblyopia. - treatment of abnormal retinal correspondance. - to control deviations. ORDER OF ORHOPTIC TREATMENT - . amblyopia is treated firstly. . anti- suppression therapy. - diplopia training. - amplitude improvement.

1. NON- SURGICAL &
SURGICAL
MANAGEMENT OF
STRABISMUS

2. CONTENTS
 NON SURGICAL TREATMENT
 SURGICAL TREATMENT

3. NON – SURGICAL TREATMENT
AIMS OF TREATMENT OF STRABISMUS –
 To restore good visual acuity in each eye.
 To achieve satisfactory cosmetic appearance.
 To restore, if possible,normal vision.

4. TREATMENT MODALITIES –
A.) OPTICAL TREATMENT
B.) PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
C.) ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT
D.) SURGICAL TREATMENT
 Non surgical treatment is essential in almost all strabismus cases & in many cases
may be sufficient to successfully treat the strabismus without surgery.

5. OPTICAL TREATMENT
1.) CORRECTION OF REFRACTIVE ERROR :-
 Spectacles for correction of Refractiveerror shouldbe prescribed in every
case.
 Refractivecorrection also provide a proper balance b/w accommodation
& convergence
 This,at fimes may correct the squint partially or completely.

6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES –
• In general, full cycloplegiccorrection shouldbe prescribed.
• In school going children,the refractive correctionprescribed shouldbe such that
would provide an optimal distant vision.
• An overcorrection of +1.00 DS to +3.00 DS of the amblyopiaeye has been
advocated.

7. ROLE OF GLASSES IN ESOTROPIA –
 RefractiveaccommodativeESOTROPIA with CYCLOPLEGICCORRECTION.
 Non – Refractive accommodative esotropiawith high AC/A ratio needs to be
treated with BIFOCAL GLASSSES.
 Esotropia patients having associated myopicshouldbe prescribed minimum
MINUS (-VE) LENS.
 Esotropia patients having associated myopiaand high AC/A ratio also require
BIFOCAL GLASSSES.
 Residual esotropia of small amount shouldbe prescribed the maximum
HYPERMETROPIC(+VE) CORRECTION.
 Consecutive esotropiaof small amount persisting after 3 weeks of surgery for
intermittent exotropia can be treated.

8. ROLE OF GLASSES IN EXOTROPIA –
 An undercorrection of hypermetropiaeroor recommendedto reduce the
degree of consecutiveexotropia.
 Overcorrection of myopiamay sometimes help in controlling the
intermittent exotropia by stimulating accommodation & convergence.

9. 2.) PRISMOTHERAPY –
PRISMOTHERAPY for strabismus has become popular after the introductionof
fresnel press on prisms.
 Light weight.
 Cosmetically acceptable.
 Easy to apply on the back of the patient’s glasses.
 Availability in powers from 0.5∆ to 30∆.

10. INDICATIONS –
 Role of prism to assess the effect of surgery.
 Role of prism in managing diplopiaand abnormal head posture.
 Maintenance of binocular single vision by neutrilizing the deviation.
 Management of convergence insufficiency.
 Management of heterophoria.
 Role of prisms in Nystagmus.

11. METHODS OF USING PRISMS –
 As fresnel prism
 In spectacle frames.
 As clip on prism.

12. PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
1.) MIOTICS-
Mechanismof action-
 It includes miosis and spasm of accommodation, their utility in strabismus is
through their effect on accommodation.
 It includes – long acting cholinesterase inhibitors such as echothiophate,
Demacarium bromide.
2.) ATROPINE – call mmon use of atropine
 Cycloplegicrefraction
 Therapy of accommodative esotropia
 Amblyopia

13. 3.) BOTULINUM TOXIN –
Mechanismof action –
 When injected into an extraocular muscles blocks release of acetylcholine and thus
cause chemical denervation and thus paralysis of muscle for several weeks.
INDICATIONS- useful in short term treatment of –
 Infertile ESOTROPIA
 Paralytic strabismus
 Surgical overcorrection
 Graves ophthalmopathy and nystagmus
COMPLICATIONS –
 Diplopia
 Blepharoptosis
 Vertical deviations
 Perforation of globe

14. ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT
 Literally, the word ORTHOPTIC means STRAIGHT EYES.
 Practically, ORTHOPTIC training is used to treat
convergence insufficiency, to combat suppression,
amblyopia, & abnormal Retinal correspondence
and to improve fusional amplitude and stereopsis.

15. GOALS OF ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT –
 Visual acuity levels in each eye should be best possible.
 Eyes should be straight with/ without Surgical help.
 Binocular single vision.
 Fusion with good amplitude & reservers.
 Reduction of Refractive glasses.

16. INDICATIONS-
1.) Diagnostic indications
2.) Therapeutic indications
 Elimination of convergence insufficiency.
 Fusion training, to increase fusion amplitude.
 Anti suppression exercise
 Treatment of abnormal Retinal correspondence.
 Treatment of amblyopia
 Control of deviations.

17. ORDER OF ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT –
 Amblyopia is treated first.
 Anti suppression therapy
 Diplopia training.
 Amplitude improvement.

18. DELIVERY OF ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT –
1.) TREATMENT OF CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY –
 Pencil convergence exercise
 Physiological diplopia exercise.
 Training for increasing fusional convergence with base
out prisms or synoptophore.
2.) EXERCISES FOR INCREASING FUSIONAL AMPLITUDE –
 Both convergence and divergence.
 Prisms
 Major amblyoscope/ synoptophore.

19. 3.) ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT OF SUPPRESSION –
 Diplopia exercises.
 Vergence control in heterophoria.
 Surgical alignment of eyes in large tropias.
 Differential stimulation.
 Macular massage.
 Occlusion therapy.

20. SUGICAL TREATMENT
 Extra ocular muscles is only a part of the therapeutic management of a
strabismus patients.
 The squint surgery is aimedto procedure and maintaina condition in
which the visual axes of the two eyes are directed, without consious effort
to the object of fixation whatever it’s position.

21. INDICATIONS –
 To correct squint cosmetically as well as functionally.
 To correct the squint only cosmetically.
 Marked asthenopic.
 To correct abnormal head posture.
 To relievemechanical restrictions or to improve appearance.

22. OPTIMAL TIME FOR SQUINT SURGERY –
1.) CONCOMITANT SQUINT –
 Children too young for orthoptic treatment .
a) For constant squint
b) For intermittent squint
 Children old enough for orthoptic treatment.

23. 2.) PARALYTIC SQUINT –
Commonsurgical techniques for squint corrections –
A.) MUSCLE WEAKENING PROCEDURE –
 Recession
 Marginal myotomy
 Myectomy
 Free tenotomy
 Posterior fixation suture.
 Recession of conjunctivaand tenons capsule.
 Muscle lengthening by insertionof a siliconexpander /non
absorbable suture material.

24. B.) MUSCLE STRENGTHENING PROCEDURE –
 Resection
 Advancement.
 Tucking.
C.) PROCEDURE THAT CHANGE DIRECTION OF MUSCLE ACTION –
 Vertical transpositioning of the horizontal rectus muscles.
 Horizontal transpositioning of vertical rectus muscles .
 Slanting of the rectus muscle insertion.
 Transplantationof musclein paralytic squint.

25. THANKING YOU…….