The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including definitions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It describes the main regions and components of the brain and spinal cord that make up the central nervous system. It also outlines the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and peripheral nerves that are part of the peripheral nervous system. Finally, it provides guidance on examining various aspects of the nervous system, such as cranial nerves, motor and sensory function, coordination, and reflexes.
This document discusses shoulder impingement syndrome. It begins by describing the anatomy of the shoulder joint and surrounding structures. It then defines impingement syndrome as the encroachment of structures above the shoulder on those passing beneath, especially during flexion and rotation. The document outlines the pathophysiology, aetiology, types and stages of impingement syndrome. It discusses contributing factors, symptoms, assessment methods, diagnostic imaging options and management approaches including medical, pharmaceutical and physiotherapeutic treatments.
This document provides an overview of the assessment and special tests used to evaluate the hip joint. It discusses collecting demographic data, medical history, and performing an examination including observation, palpation, range of motion testing, and special tests like the Patrick test and hip scour test. The goal of the assessment is to evaluate the hip for conditions like arthritis, fractures, muscle injuries, and neurological disorders.
This document provides information on examining, evaluating, and assessing the hand and wrist. It begins with objectives of reviewing clinical anatomy, performing a physical exam, and discussing common clinical conditions. It then covers anatomy of the bones, joints, muscles, nerves and blood vessels of the wrist and hand. The document provides details on the history, inspection, range of motion assessment, neurologic exam, and special tests like Tinel's sign and Phalen's test used to evaluate common conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome.
The Modified Ashworth Scale is a clinical measure of muscle spasticity in patients with neurological conditions. It is a 6-point scale ranging from 0-4 where lower scores represent normal muscle tone and higher scores represent increased spasticity or resistance to passive movement. The document provides detailed instructions on administering the Modified Ashworth Scale for assessing spasticity in the ankle plantar flexors, knee flexors, elbow flexors, and wrist flexors by standardizing limb positioning, stabilization, and movement during testing.
This document defines cerebral palsy and discusses its symptoms, causes, types, diagnosis, and treatments. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the developing brain that affects movement, posture and muscle tone. Symptoms vary but can include poor muscle control or coordination. Treatments focus on improving mobility and function through therapies like physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as medications and surgery. The goal is to help those with cerebral palsy maximize their potential and independence.
This document discusses complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), formerly known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy. It defines CRPS as a multi-symptom syndrome that usually affects one or more extremities and is characterized by disproportionate pain, vasomotor instability, trophic skin changes, and regional osteoporosis. Trauma is a common precipitating factor. Management involves a multidisciplinary approach including physical therapy, medications to relieve symptoms, and in some cases surgical or injection-based treatments.
The document provides information on performing a sensory examination, including testing superficial sensations like pain, temperature, and touch. It also describes evaluating deep sensations such as proprioception, vibration, and kinesthesia. Finally, it discusses assessing combined cortical sensations including stereognosis, graphesthesia, and two-point discrimination. The examination involves testing various areas of the body using specific tools and techniques, and having the patient respond verbally or by physical demonstration to identify sensations.
This document describes various special tests used to examine the knee joint. It lists the Patellar Grinding Test for the patella, Anterior Drawer Test for the ACL, Posterior Drawer Test for the PCL, Valgus Stress Test for the MCL, and Varus Stress Test for the LCL. It also mentions Apley's Grinding Test and McMurray's Test which are used to examine the meniscus. For each test, it provides a brief description of the procedures and positioning.
This document discusses shoulder impingement syndrome. It begins by describing the anatomy of the shoulder joint and surrounding structures. It then defines impingement syndrome as the encroachment of structures above the shoulder on those passing beneath, especially during flexion and rotation. The document outlines the pathophysiology, aetiology, types and stages of impingement syndrome. It discusses contributing factors, symptoms, assessment methods, diagnostic imaging options and management approaches including medical, pharmaceutical and physiotherapeutic treatments.
This document provides an overview of the assessment and special tests used to evaluate the hip joint. It discusses collecting demographic data, medical history, and performing an examination including observation, palpation, range of motion testing, and special tests like the Patrick test and hip scour test. The goal of the assessment is to evaluate the hip for conditions like arthritis, fractures, muscle injuries, and neurological disorders.
This document provides information on examining, evaluating, and assessing the hand and wrist. It begins with objectives of reviewing clinical anatomy, performing a physical exam, and discussing common clinical conditions. It then covers anatomy of the bones, joints, muscles, nerves and blood vessels of the wrist and hand. The document provides details on the history, inspection, range of motion assessment, neurologic exam, and special tests like Tinel's sign and Phalen's test used to evaluate common conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome.
The Modified Ashworth Scale is a clinical measure of muscle spasticity in patients with neurological conditions. It is a 6-point scale ranging from 0-4 where lower scores represent normal muscle tone and higher scores represent increased spasticity or resistance to passive movement. The document provides detailed instructions on administering the Modified Ashworth Scale for assessing spasticity in the ankle plantar flexors, knee flexors, elbow flexors, and wrist flexors by standardizing limb positioning, stabilization, and movement during testing.
This document defines cerebral palsy and discusses its symptoms, causes, types, diagnosis, and treatments. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the developing brain that affects movement, posture and muscle tone. Symptoms vary but can include poor muscle control or coordination. Treatments focus on improving mobility and function through therapies like physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as medications and surgery. The goal is to help those with cerebral palsy maximize their potential and independence.
This document discusses complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), formerly known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy. It defines CRPS as a multi-symptom syndrome that usually affects one or more extremities and is characterized by disproportionate pain, vasomotor instability, trophic skin changes, and regional osteoporosis. Trauma is a common precipitating factor. Management involves a multidisciplinary approach including physical therapy, medications to relieve symptoms, and in some cases surgical or injection-based treatments.
The document provides information on performing a sensory examination, including testing superficial sensations like pain, temperature, and touch. It also describes evaluating deep sensations such as proprioception, vibration, and kinesthesia. Finally, it discusses assessing combined cortical sensations including stereognosis, graphesthesia, and two-point discrimination. The examination involves testing various areas of the body using specific tools and techniques, and having the patient respond verbally or by physical demonstration to identify sensations.
This document describes various special tests used to examine the knee joint. It lists the Patellar Grinding Test for the patella, Anterior Drawer Test for the ACL, Posterior Drawer Test for the PCL, Valgus Stress Test for the MCL, and Varus Stress Test for the LCL. It also mentions Apley's Grinding Test and McMurray's Test which are used to examine the meniscus. For each test, it provides a brief description of the procedures and positioning.
The Brunnstrom concept is a theoretical model of motor recovery following central nervous system injury developed by physical therapist Signe Brunnstrom. It is based on the hierarchical reflex theory and assumes that lower level reflexes get incorporated into purposeful movements through higher centers. Recovery proceeds from primitive reflexive movement to voluntary isolated movements. Treatment involves facilitating this progression using reflexes, associated reactions, proprioceptive and exteroceptive stimuli, and resistance. Motor and sensory function is evaluated using Brunnstrom's staging which characterizes recovery in a sequential progression.
complete Knee joint assessment from physiotherapeutic point of view. Includes observation , palpation , assessment, special test, differential diagnosis of knee joint .
In this topic, the students will learn the principles and effects of suspension therapy as a therapeutic modality and will learn the techniques in the restoration of physical functions.
Festination Of Gait In Parkinson’s DiseasePD Program
World Parkinson’s Program (WPP) is a non-profit organization work for parkinson’s disease and help its patients free worldwide. It has brought a very informative presentation in which it has discussed about festination of gait in parkinson’s disease and its treatment. Hope you would understand about it and will like it.
Ataxia is a symptom of poor coordination of movement that can affect walking, fingers, speech, and eye movements. It is caused by abnormalities in the cerebellum which coordinates movement. The document discusses various types and causes of ataxia including acute, episodic, chronic, and hereditary forms. Imaging and investigations help identify treatable causes while most hereditary ataxias currently have no proven treatment.
This document discusses meniscus injuries of the knee. It describes the anatomy and functions of the medial and lateral meniscus. Common types of meniscal tears are described based on location and pattern. Physical exam maneuvers for diagnosing meniscal tears include Thessaly test, McMurray's test, and Apley's grinding test. MRI is the most sensitive imaging method. Treatment involves initial rest, ice, and NSAIDs for minor tears. Surgery options include partial meniscectomy, meniscal repair, or meniscal transplantation for more severe tears. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and prevent further joint damage.
Upper motor neuron lesions occur in the cerebral cortex or brainstem and cause symptoms such as spasticity, hyperreflexia, pathological reflexes like Babinski's sign, and minimal muscle wasting. Lower motor neuron lesions occur in the spinal cord, nerve roots, or peripheral nerves and result in flaccidity, hyporeflexia, absent reflexes, fasciculations, muscle wasting, and peripheral sensory loss. The main differences between upper and lower motor neuron lesions are in the site of the lesion and the resulting muscle tone, reflexes, and patterns of weakness and sensory involvement.
This document summarizes the pathomechanics of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). It describes the anatomy and biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. Abnormal tracking of the patella, such as lateral displacement or tilt, can increase stress on the joint and cause pain. Contributing factors include remote factors like weakness of the vastus medialis obliquus muscle, tightness of the lateral retinaculum, and pronated or supinated feet. Addressing these intrinsic and extrinsic factors can help reduce patellofemoral joint loads and pain.
This document discusses the examination of reflexes. It begins by defining a reflex and describing the components of a reflex arc. It then describes different types of reflexes, including superficial (cranial and spinal) reflexes and deep tendon reflexes (also cranial and spinal). For each type of reflex, it provides details on the neurological pathway and instructions for eliciting the reflex during an examination. The purpose of examining reflexes and potential abnormalities are also outlined. The document primarily serves to inform physicians on how to properly examine the various reflexes and interpret the results.
This document discusses radial head subluxation, commonly known as nursemaid's elbow, which occurs most often in children aged 1-6 years when their arm is pulled while the elbow is extended and forearm pronated. It involves the annular ligament slipping over the radial head. Symptoms include refusal to use the arm. Treatment involves gentle reduction by flexing and supinating the forearm. Immobilization may be used and recurrence addressed through casting. Differential diagnoses include fractures that require imaging to rule out.
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It allows for weight bearing, walking, climbing stairs, running, jumping and kicking. The knee joint is formed where the femur meets the tibia and patella. It contains ligaments like the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, menisci, synovial membrane and bursae that provide stability and cushioning. Injuries to the cruciate ligaments or menisci are common in sports and require immobilization followed by physiotherapy.
In this slide there is complete explanation and guide about the Physiotherapy assessment and management of the Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease can be managed up to a level through Physiotherapy.
This document defines and describes various types of muscle tone and how they are assessed clinically. It can be summarized as:
1) Muscle tone refers to the tension present in relaxed muscles and their resistance to passive movement. It is assessed using tests like Babinski's tonus test and head dropping.
2) Extrapyramidal rigidity is assessed using tests like shoulder shaking and produces increased resistance to passive movement equally in all directions.
3) Paratonia involves an abnormal response to passive movement seen in frontal lobe diseases, either resisting movement (gegenhalten) or assisting it too much (mitgehen). It is assessed using tests like limb placement.
This document discusses sensory assessment. It begins by classifying sensations into superficial, deep, and combined cortical categories. Superficial sensations include touch, pain, temperature, and pressure. Deep sensations include kinesthesia, proprioception, and vibration. Combined cortical sensations involve tactile localization, two-point discrimination, stereognosis, graphesthesia, texture recognition, and barognosis. The document then describes how to prepare the patient and assess each type of sensation, providing details on positioning, materials, administration, and patient response for each test.
Myelitis is a spinal disorder. Myelitis is the infection of the white matter of spinal cord. White matter of spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system that functions as a bridge between the brain and the rest of the body.
Myelitis can result in muscle weakness or paralyzing legs and then arms.
Post polio syndrome is characterized by new muscle weakness, fatigue, and pain in polio survivors decades after their initial bout of polio. It is believed to be caused by overwork of motor neurons that survived the initial poliovirus infection but were left vulnerable. As time passes, these neurons fatigue and can no longer sufficiently innervate muscles. Treatment focuses on managing new symptoms, preserving function through exercise and assistive devices, and addressing pain. Physiotherapy plays a key role through energy conservation techniques, strengthening, and physical modalities like heat.
The document discusses pH levels. pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, numbers less than 7 being acidic, and numbers greater than 7 being basic.
The document describes the musculoskeletal system, including:
- Types of joints (synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous) and examples of each.
- An overview of synovial joints, their shapes that allow different movements, and examples.
- Guidelines for examining the major joints, including inspection, palpation, and range of motion tests.
- Anatomy and assessment techniques for specific joints like the shoulder, wrist/hand, spine, hip, knee, and ankle.
This document provides guidance on examining the cardiovascular system, including anatomy, techniques, and findings. It describes:
- Assessing vital signs like blood pressure and heart rate
- Evaluating jugular venous pressure and carotid pulse
- Palpating the chest wall and point of maximal impulse
- Auscultating heart sounds and identifying murmurs by timing, duration, shape, intensity, quality, and location
The goal is to correctly identify valvular and heart disease by combining knowledge of heart anatomy and function with a systematic clinical examination.
The Brunnstrom concept is a theoretical model of motor recovery following central nervous system injury developed by physical therapist Signe Brunnstrom. It is based on the hierarchical reflex theory and assumes that lower level reflexes get incorporated into purposeful movements through higher centers. Recovery proceeds from primitive reflexive movement to voluntary isolated movements. Treatment involves facilitating this progression using reflexes, associated reactions, proprioceptive and exteroceptive stimuli, and resistance. Motor and sensory function is evaluated using Brunnstrom's staging which characterizes recovery in a sequential progression.
complete Knee joint assessment from physiotherapeutic point of view. Includes observation , palpation , assessment, special test, differential diagnosis of knee joint .
In this topic, the students will learn the principles and effects of suspension therapy as a therapeutic modality and will learn the techniques in the restoration of physical functions.
Festination Of Gait In Parkinson’s DiseasePD Program
World Parkinson’s Program (WPP) is a non-profit organization work for parkinson’s disease and help its patients free worldwide. It has brought a very informative presentation in which it has discussed about festination of gait in parkinson’s disease and its treatment. Hope you would understand about it and will like it.
Ataxia is a symptom of poor coordination of movement that can affect walking, fingers, speech, and eye movements. It is caused by abnormalities in the cerebellum which coordinates movement. The document discusses various types and causes of ataxia including acute, episodic, chronic, and hereditary forms. Imaging and investigations help identify treatable causes while most hereditary ataxias currently have no proven treatment.
This document discusses meniscus injuries of the knee. It describes the anatomy and functions of the medial and lateral meniscus. Common types of meniscal tears are described based on location and pattern. Physical exam maneuvers for diagnosing meniscal tears include Thessaly test, McMurray's test, and Apley's grinding test. MRI is the most sensitive imaging method. Treatment involves initial rest, ice, and NSAIDs for minor tears. Surgery options include partial meniscectomy, meniscal repair, or meniscal transplantation for more severe tears. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and prevent further joint damage.
Upper motor neuron lesions occur in the cerebral cortex or brainstem and cause symptoms such as spasticity, hyperreflexia, pathological reflexes like Babinski's sign, and minimal muscle wasting. Lower motor neuron lesions occur in the spinal cord, nerve roots, or peripheral nerves and result in flaccidity, hyporeflexia, absent reflexes, fasciculations, muscle wasting, and peripheral sensory loss. The main differences between upper and lower motor neuron lesions are in the site of the lesion and the resulting muscle tone, reflexes, and patterns of weakness and sensory involvement.
This document summarizes the pathomechanics of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). It describes the anatomy and biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. Abnormal tracking of the patella, such as lateral displacement or tilt, can increase stress on the joint and cause pain. Contributing factors include remote factors like weakness of the vastus medialis obliquus muscle, tightness of the lateral retinaculum, and pronated or supinated feet. Addressing these intrinsic and extrinsic factors can help reduce patellofemoral joint loads and pain.
This document discusses the examination of reflexes. It begins by defining a reflex and describing the components of a reflex arc. It then describes different types of reflexes, including superficial (cranial and spinal) reflexes and deep tendon reflexes (also cranial and spinal). For each type of reflex, it provides details on the neurological pathway and instructions for eliciting the reflex during an examination. The purpose of examining reflexes and potential abnormalities are also outlined. The document primarily serves to inform physicians on how to properly examine the various reflexes and interpret the results.
This document discusses radial head subluxation, commonly known as nursemaid's elbow, which occurs most often in children aged 1-6 years when their arm is pulled while the elbow is extended and forearm pronated. It involves the annular ligament slipping over the radial head. Symptoms include refusal to use the arm. Treatment involves gentle reduction by flexing and supinating the forearm. Immobilization may be used and recurrence addressed through casting. Differential diagnoses include fractures that require imaging to rule out.
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It allows for weight bearing, walking, climbing stairs, running, jumping and kicking. The knee joint is formed where the femur meets the tibia and patella. It contains ligaments like the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, menisci, synovial membrane and bursae that provide stability and cushioning. Injuries to the cruciate ligaments or menisci are common in sports and require immobilization followed by physiotherapy.
In this slide there is complete explanation and guide about the Physiotherapy assessment and management of the Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease can be managed up to a level through Physiotherapy.
This document defines and describes various types of muscle tone and how they are assessed clinically. It can be summarized as:
1) Muscle tone refers to the tension present in relaxed muscles and their resistance to passive movement. It is assessed using tests like Babinski's tonus test and head dropping.
2) Extrapyramidal rigidity is assessed using tests like shoulder shaking and produces increased resistance to passive movement equally in all directions.
3) Paratonia involves an abnormal response to passive movement seen in frontal lobe diseases, either resisting movement (gegenhalten) or assisting it too much (mitgehen). It is assessed using tests like limb placement.
This document discusses sensory assessment. It begins by classifying sensations into superficial, deep, and combined cortical categories. Superficial sensations include touch, pain, temperature, and pressure. Deep sensations include kinesthesia, proprioception, and vibration. Combined cortical sensations involve tactile localization, two-point discrimination, stereognosis, graphesthesia, texture recognition, and barognosis. The document then describes how to prepare the patient and assess each type of sensation, providing details on positioning, materials, administration, and patient response for each test.
Myelitis is a spinal disorder. Myelitis is the infection of the white matter of spinal cord. White matter of spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system that functions as a bridge between the brain and the rest of the body.
Myelitis can result in muscle weakness or paralyzing legs and then arms.
Post polio syndrome is characterized by new muscle weakness, fatigue, and pain in polio survivors decades after their initial bout of polio. It is believed to be caused by overwork of motor neurons that survived the initial poliovirus infection but were left vulnerable. As time passes, these neurons fatigue and can no longer sufficiently innervate muscles. Treatment focuses on managing new symptoms, preserving function through exercise and assistive devices, and addressing pain. Physiotherapy plays a key role through energy conservation techniques, strengthening, and physical modalities like heat.
The document discusses pH levels. pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, numbers less than 7 being acidic, and numbers greater than 7 being basic.
The document describes the musculoskeletal system, including:
- Types of joints (synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous) and examples of each.
- An overview of synovial joints, their shapes that allow different movements, and examples.
- Guidelines for examining the major joints, including inspection, palpation, and range of motion tests.
- Anatomy and assessment techniques for specific joints like the shoulder, wrist/hand, spine, hip, knee, and ankle.
This document provides guidance on examining the cardiovascular system, including anatomy, techniques, and findings. It describes:
- Assessing vital signs like blood pressure and heart rate
- Evaluating jugular venous pressure and carotid pulse
- Palpating the chest wall and point of maximal impulse
- Auscultating heart sounds and identifying murmurs by timing, duration, shape, intensity, quality, and location
The goal is to correctly identify valvular and heart disease by combining knowledge of heart anatomy and function with a systematic clinical examination.
Paraplegia By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor of Medicine Chinkipora ...guestee72a042
This document discusses various causes and types of paraplegia including flaccid and spastic paraplegia. Flaccid paralysis results from diseases of the anterior horn cells, nerves, or muscles. Spastic paraplegia can be caused by compressive factors inside or outside the spinal cord, or non-compressive factors like multiple sclerosis. The key differences between compressive and non-compressive paraplegia are discussed. Diagnostic tests and some unique conditions like tropical spastic paraplegia and lathyrism are also mentioned.
The document discusses how discovering true love can completely change one's world and that love is needed to be happy, though it does not always allow one to see reality clearly and relationships face challenges. Love can feel like touching the sky or be an optical illusion that burns from within before disappearing, but one can still find happiness after.
The document discusses the components of a general physical examination, including vital signs and pain assessment. It describes how to measure height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. The general exam involves observing the patient's general appearance, dress, hygiene, posture and gait. Vital signs provide important health information. Blood pressure should be repeated and verified in the other arm if initially elevated to account for potential white coat hypertension.
This document provides an overview of the peripheral vascular system including arteries, veins, and lymphatics. It describes the anatomy and locations of palpable pulses in the arms and legs. It also discusses techniques for examining the peripheral vascular system including inspection for swelling, discoloration, or ulcers; palpation of pulses; and assessment of edema. The document concludes with examples of questions to evaluate a patient's symptoms and identify potential causes like venous insufficiency or arterial insufficiency.
The document summarizes techniques for assessing the neurological system. It outlines the components of the central and peripheral nervous systems including the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves. It then provides detailed instructions on assessing various aspects of neurological function including cranial nerves, motor function, sensory function, and reflexes. Assessment methods are described for testing things like vision, hearing, sensation, coordination, balance, and strength.
The document provides information on examining the nervous system. It discusses the components of the nervous system and how to examine different aspects including consciousness, cranial nerves, motor and sensory systems, coordination, and involuntary movements. The examination involves testing various functions like strength, reflexes, sensations, and gait to localize neurological deficits. Key signs help to differentiate upper and lower motor neuron lesions.
The sensory system has two types of receptors - extroceptors that respond to external stimuli and introceptors that respond to internal stimuli. Sensory receptors transduce environmental signals into neural signals and include specialized epithelial cells and neurons. They have receptive fields and transmit messages through sensory neurons to the central nervous system. The document describes the main sensory receptors in the skin for touch, vibration, pressure, and pain and outlines the pathways for posterior column and anterolateral sensory processing up to the sensory cortex.
Anatomy of lumbosacral plexus (by Murtaza Syed)Murtaza Syed
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the lumbosacral plexus, which is formed from the combination of the lumbar and sacral plexuses. It describes the roots, branches, divisions, and terminal branches that form the various nerves. These include the femoral, obturator, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, and sciatic nerves. It also outlines the motor and sensory distributions of the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus to the lower limbs and related structures.
This document discusses the human sensory system, including sensory receptors, pathways, and cortex. It describes the different sensory modalities and sensations. The main sensory pathways are the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway and spinothalamic pathway, which transmit signals from receptors to the thalamus and sensory cortex. Within the cortex, different body regions are represented in a distorted map called a sensory homunculus. The document provides details on various mechanoreceptors, transduction of stimuli to action potentials, and coding of sensory information.
Dermatomes are areas of skin that are innervated by single spinal nerve roots. They originate from somites, or embryonic tissue segments, that differentiate into dermatomes to give rise to the skin's connective tissue. While dermatome maps show general patterns, significant variations exist between individuals. Dermatomes are useful clinically for localizing neurologic issues like radiculopathy and revealing the origin of viral infections like shingles that affect spinal nerves.
The document provides detailed information about the anatomy and function of the spinal cord. It can be summarized as follows:
The spinal cord is a cylindrical column of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem and provides motor and sensory innervation to the body below the head. It is surrounded by protective meninges and terminates around the L1 vertebra in adults. The spinal cord is divided into regions that each give rise to pairs of spinal nerves which innervate different parts of the body. Injuries to the spinal cord can cause paralysis or other functional impairments depending on the level and severity of the injury.
The document discusses spinal nerves, cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbosacral plexus, myotomes, and dermatomes. It provides details on common dermatomal levels from C5 to S1 and describes tests to evaluate muscle function for different neurologic levels from C5 to S1. The tests involve having the patient resist various motions to assess muscles innervated by each nerve root level.
Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and specific body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are categorized based on the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. The anterior rami of spinal nerves form plexuses that further distribute nerves to various body structures, while the thoracic spinal nerves directly innervate the intercostal muscles and skin as intercostal nerves.
Special test for dermatomes and myotomesTafzz Sailo
The document discusses dermatomes and myotomes, which are areas of skin and muscles innervated by specific spinal nerve roots. It provides detailed instructions for testing dermatomes using pinprick and light touch tests and myotomes using resistance tests of individual muscle groups to evaluate potential nerve root injuries. Key points include identifying the spinal nerve roots that innervate specific areas of the upper and lower limbs and correlating weaknesses to the likely injured nerve roots. Diagrams depict dermatome and myotome maps to guide the clinical tests.
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system. It defines the central nervous system as the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system as cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves. It then provides details on the four main regions of the brain, the structure and segments of the spinal cord, and the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Finally, it outlines techniques for examining the cranial nerves, motor system, sensory system, coordination, and mental status during a neurological exam.
This document provides information on musculoskeletal system examination techniques. It discusses examination of major joints like the shoulder, wrist/hand, spine, hip, knee, and ankle/foot. For each joint, it describes inspection, palpation, range of motion assessment, and special tests. It also reviews relevant anatomy and common musculoskeletal conditions. The goal is to equip medical professionals with the skills to properly examine the musculoskeletal system and assess patients presenting with joint or bone complaints.
The document provides guidance on performing a neurological examination. It outlines assessing the cranial nerves, reflexes, motor system, and sensory system. The cranial nerve examination involves testing each nerve individually. Reflex testing grades reflexes on a scale from 0 to 4. The motor exam evaluates muscle strength on a scale from 0 to 5. Finally, the sensory exam tests sensations like pain, touch, and position sense. The goal is to identify which parts of the neurological system may be affected.
This document describes various tests used in neurological examinations to assess sensory and motor function. It discusses tests of vibration sense, joint position sense, tone, reflexes, and strength. Sensory tests include two-point discrimination, temperature, and pain sensation. Motor tests include assessment of strength, reflexes, and tone. Tests of the cranial nerves like corneal reflex and facial expression are mentioned. Cerebellar function is evaluated using finger-nose coordination, Romberg test, and heel-to-shin. Auditory and vestibular systems are examined using Rinne, Weber, and Schwabach tests as well as caloric testing and nystagmus observation. Interpretation of test results is provided to localize
The document provides guidance on performing a neurological assessment to identify abnormalities. The assessment involves gathering information on symptoms, medical history, and conducting a mental status exam, cranial nerve assessment, reflex testing, motor and sensory exams, and evaluating coordination and gait. The goal is to screen for neurological disorders and determine the location and components affected. The assessment uses basic equipment and involves systematically testing various reflexes, sensations, strengths, and movements.
Jose Austine- Orthopaedic evaluation of cerebral palsyJose Austine
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including its history, definition, classification, etiology, assessment, and orthopedic evaluation. CP is caused by non-progressive brain lesions early in development that result in abnormal muscle tone and movement. It is important to correctly classify a patient's CP based on their motor function and movement disorder. A thorough orthopedic evaluation includes assessing medical history, physical exam of muscle tone and strength, contractures, deformities, and gait. Gait analysis through observation and in a lab helps document the patient's movement and plan for surgical interventions. The goal of evaluation and classification is to guide appropriate treatment and management of CP.
This document outlines the components and procedures for performing a neurological examination. It discusses the 7 categories examined which include mental status, cranial nerves, motor system, reflexes, sensory system, coordination, and gait. For each category, it provides details on the specific tests, procedures, and what is evaluated. It examines each of the 12 cranial nerves in-depth, outlining the relevant anatomy and functions tested. It also describes how to evaluate the motor system, reflexes, coordination, gait, and sensory systems. The neurological exam is a comprehensive assessment of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
This document outlines the components of a neurological examination. It discusses the 7 categories examined which include mental status, cranial nerves, motor system, reflexes, sensory system, coordination, and gait. For each category, it provides details on the specific tests, techniques, and what is evaluated. It examines each of the 12 cranial nerves in depth, outlining the relevant anatomy and clinical tests for functions like vision, eye movements, hearing, sensation. It also reviews how to evaluate the motor system, reflexes, coordination, gait, and meningeal signs. The neurological exam is a systematic approach to evaluating the central and peripheral nervous systems.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the peripheral vascular system including arteries, veins, and lymphatics. It describes the anatomy of major arteries and veins in the arms and legs. It also discusses clinical signs and symptoms of peripheral vascular diseases like peripheral arterial disease and venous insufficiency. The document outlines techniques for examination of the peripheral vascular system including inspection, palpation of pulses, and evaluation for edema. It provides examples of clinical findings that suggest arterial insufficiency or venous insufficiency as the cause of a patient's symptoms.
The document describes the structure and function of the neurological system. It notes that the neurological system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes the somatic and autonomic divisions. It provides details on the four main divisions of the brain, the brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. It also describes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their functions. The document outlines steps for collecting subjective and objective neurological assessment data, including mental status exams and tests of cranial nerves, motor function, coordination, sensations, and reflexes.
The document discusses examination techniques for the thorax and lungs, including:
- Locating abnormalities using vertical and circumferential axes and counting ribs
- The lungs are divided into lobes by fissures
- Percussion and auscultation are important examination techniques, with vesicular breath sounds normally heard over most of the lungs
- Auscultation involves listening for breath sounds and adventitious sounds over the posterior and anterior chest
The document discusses examination techniques for the thorax and lungs, including:
- Locating abnormalities using vertical and circumferential axes and counting ribs
- The lungs are divided into lobes by fissures
- Percussion and auscultation are important examination techniques, with vesicular breath sounds normally heard over most of the lungs
- Auscultation involves listening for normal and adventitious breath sounds in a systematic way over both sides of the chest
This document provides an overview of a neurological assessment. It describes the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It then outlines the components of a neurological exam including taking a patient history, performing a physical exam, and assessing vital signs, mental status, cranial nerves, motor skills, sensation, and reflexes. The physical exam section describes how to evaluate each of these areas in detail through specific tests and examinations of muscles, nerves, and neurological functions.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the major parts of the brain. It describes how the brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum contains the left and right hemispheres. The brain stem incorporates the midbrain, pons, and medulla, and contains motor and sensory pathways as well as centers that regulate vital functions. The document also provides summaries of different types of strokes, including ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and their distinguishing characteristics. Assessment tools for strokes like the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen and NIH Stroke Scale are outlined.
1. The neurological examination document outlines the process and components of examining a patient's nervous system, including terminology, indications, and aspects of the exam such as level of consciousness, cranial nerve function, motor function, and reflexes.
2. Nurses play an important role in conducting and documenting the neurological exam. This includes setting up equipment, assessing vital signs, performing tests of mental status, cranial nerves, motor skills, sensation, and reflexes, and communicating findings to doctors.
3. The goal of the neurological exam is to determine if there is any disease or abnormality present in the nervous system by thoroughly assessing multiple domains of neurological function.
This document provides information on the anatomy and examination of the male genitalia and hernias. It describes the anatomy of the penis, testes, and lower genitourinary tract. It also discusses techniques for examining the penis, scrotum, testes and evaluating for hernias. The document provides guidance on taking a sexual history and promoting health through prevention of STDs, HIV, and testicular self-examination.
This document discusses pediatric assessment from infancy through adolescence. It outlines the areas assessed at each stage including physical, cognitive, and social/emotional development. Key physical exam findings are described for each developmental period from newborn through adolescence. Exam techniques aim to minimize distress, such as examining young children in the parent's lap. Puberty is assessed using Tanner staging in adolescence. The document provides guidance on the appropriate physical exam across pediatric ages and stages.
A neurological examination evaluates the functioning of the nervous system, including sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities. It involves tests of mental status, cranial nerves, motor skills, sensation, reflexes, and cerebellar function. The purposes are to identify or rule out nervous system diseases, aid diagnosis, guide treatment, and monitor changes over time. Nurses are responsible for ensuring a calm environment, accurately documenting exam findings, and informing doctors of any changes.
A neurological examination evaluates the functioning of the nervous system and is divided into eight components: mental status, cranial nerves, motor examination, sensory examination, coordination, reflexes, and gait. It assesses various aspects such as sensation, motor skills, reflexes, coordination, and cognitive functioning to determine if there is any impairment or disease present in the nervous system. The exam involves testing various cranial nerves, motor strength, sensory perception, coordination, and reflexes through activities like following commands, distinguishing sensory stimuli, and evaluating gait. The goal is to localize any issues and understand the nature of any neurological abnormalities.
The document discusses various microbiology techniques for culturing microbes including inoculation, isolation, incubation, inspection, and identification. It describes how to produce pure cultures through methods like streak plating and describes different types of culture media including solid, liquid, enriched, selective, and differential media. The goals are to transfer microbes to produce isolated colonies, grow them under proper conditions, observe characteristics, and identify organisms through comparing data.
The document provides instructions for creating a research poster, including reviewing sample posters and an article on best practices. It discusses font size, logo placement, poster size, image and graphic quality, and elements that make a poster engaging. A sample student research poster is also included, with sections on the problem, methodology, results, conclusions, and references. The poster summarizes a study on the occupations of school-aged children who have siblings with cognitive or behavioral disabilities.
The document provides instructions for creating an effective research poster. It discusses reviewing sample posters to understand best practices like font size, logo placement, size of the poster, and quality of images. It also recommends considering what makes sample posters visually engaging and how one's own poster could be improved.
Position Your Body for Learning implements evidence-based measurements to assess optimal positioning for learning. The document describes three simple assessments - "roll", "rattle", and "rumble" - to determine if desk height matches elbow rest height and chair height matches popliteal height. It explains that proper ergonomic positioning through adjustments can improve students' attention, fine motor skills, and performance on standardized tests. The document provides a form called "Measuring for Optimal Positioning" to document student measurements and identify furniture adjustments needed.
The agenda outlines a thesis dissemination meeting that will include welcome and introductions, a syllabus review, project summaries from students, breaks, a presentation on APA style and thesis document preparation from the writing center, library resources overview, and discussion of thesis resources and dismissal. The document also lists various thesis course, poster, article, and conference resources that will be made available to students.
This document discusses program evaluation, outlining key concepts and approaches. It describes the purposes of program evaluation as determining if objectives are met and improving decision making. Formative and summative evaluations are explained, with formative used for ongoing improvement and summative to determine effects. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are appropriate, including experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs. Stakeholder involvement, utilization of results, and addressing ethical considerations are important aspects of program evaluation.
The document outlines topics from Chapter 6 of a course, including similarities and differences between intervention planning for individuals and community programs, best practices for developing mission statements and effective teams, and issues related to program sustainability. It also provides examples and activities for developing SMART goals, vision and mission statements, and sustainability plans for a fall prevention program. Resources and considerations are presented for each step of the program development process.
Compliance, motivation, and health behaviors stanbridge
This document provides information about compliance, motivation, and health behaviors as they relate to learners. It introduces several occupational therapy students and their backgrounds. The objectives cover defining key terms and discussing theories of compliance, motivation concepts, and strategies to facilitate motivation. The document then matches vocabulary terms to their definitions and discusses several theories of behavior change, including the health belief model, self-efficacy theory, protection motivation theory, stages of change model, and theory of reasoned action. Motivational strategies and the educator's role in health promotion are also outlined.
Ch 5 developmental stages of the learnerstanbridge
This document provides an overview of developmental stages of the learner from infancy through older adulthood. It begins with introductions of the presenters and learning objectives. Key terms are defined. Development is discussed in terms of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial characteristics at each stage: infancy/toddlerhood, early childhood, middle/late childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle-aged adulthood, and older adulthood. Teaching strategies are outlined for each developmental stage. The role of family in patient education is also addressed.
This document summarizes the content covered in Week 2 of a course on community-based occupational therapy practice. Chapter 3 discusses using theories from related disciplines in community practice and identifying strategies for organizing communities to meet health needs. Chapter 4 covers understanding relevant federal legislation, including laws supporting reimbursement and those focused on education, medical rehabilitation, consumer rights, and environmental issues. The document also lists vocabulary terms and guest speakers for the week.
This document outlines the topics and activities to be covered in Week 3 of a course on community health and health promotion program development. It will describe processes of environmental scanning, trend analysis, and the key steps of community health program development. Students will learn about needs assessments, theories in health promotion planning, goals and objectives, and the ecological approach. They will develop implementation strategies at different levels of intervention and learn the purposes of program evaluation. Readings, discussions, and activities are planned, including a scenario analyzing a sheltered workshop using SWOT analysis. Key terms and concepts are defined.
This document outlines the topics that will be covered in the first two chapters of a course on community-based occupational therapy practice. Chapter 1 will discuss the history and roles of OT in community-based practice as well as characteristics of effective community-based OTs. It will also cover paradigm shifts in OT. Chapter 2 will address concepts in community and public health, determinants of health, and strategies for prevention. It will discuss OT's contributions to Healthy People 2020 and its role in health promotion. The schedule includes lectures, small group work, and a guest speaker.
This document discusses how to critically appraise quantitative studies for clinical decision making. It covers evaluating the validity, reliability, and applicability of studies. Key points include assessing for bias, determining if results are statistically and clinically significant, and considering how well study findings can be applied to patients. Study designs like randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, and cohort studies are examined. The importance of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in evidence-based practice is also covered.
This document discusses the importance of clinical judgment in evidence-based nursing practice. It states that research evidence must be considered alongside patient concerns and preferences. Good clinical judgment requires carefully examining the validity of evidence and how it is applied to specific patients. The fit between evidence and each patient's unique situation is rarely perfect. Nurses must understand patients narratively and use judgment over time to determine the most appropriate care based on evidence and the patient's needs. Experiential learning and developing expertise in caring for particular patient populations enhances a nurse's clinical grasp and judgment.
This document discusses qualitative research and its application to clinical decision making. It describes how qualitative evidence can inform understanding of patient experiences and perspectives, which are important components of evidence-based practice. The document outlines different qualitative research traditions like ethnography, grounded theory, and phenomenology. It also discusses techniques for appraising qualitative studies based on their credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The key point is that qualitative evidence provides insights into human experiences, values, and meanings that can help inform clinical decisions.
This document discusses critically appraising knowledge for clinical decision making. It explains that practice should be based on unbiased, reliable evidence rather than tradition. The three main sources of knowledge for evidence-based practice are valid research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient choices. Clinical practice guidelines are the primary source to guide decisions as they synthesize research evidence. Internal evidence from quality improvement projects applies specifically to the setting where it was collected, unlike external evidence which is more generalizable. Both internal and external evidence should be combined using the PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) cycle for continuous improvement.
This document discusses implementing evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical settings. It emphasizes that engaging all stakeholders, including clinical staff, administrators, and other disciplines, is key. It also stresses that assessing and addressing barriers like knowledge, attitudes, and resources is important. Finally, it highlights that evaluating outcomes through quantifiable measures can help determine the impact of EBP changes on patient care.
This document discusses clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), including how they are developed based on evidence, how they can standardize care while allowing flexibility, and how to evaluate and implement them. It notes that CPGs systematically develop statements to guide regional diagnosis and treatment based on the best available evidence. While CPGs provide time-effective guidance, the commitment of caregivers is most important for successful implementation.
This document discusses key aspects of writing a successful grant proposal. It explains that grant proposals request funding for research or evidence-based projects by outlining specific aims, background, significance, methodology, budget, and personnel. Successful grant writers are passionate, meticulous planners who can persuade reviewers of a project's importance and address potential barriers. The most important initial question is whether a project meets the funding organization's application criteria. Proposals need compelling abstracts that explain why a project deserves funding and clearly written background and methodology sections. Common weaknesses that can lead to rejection are a lack of significance or novel ideas and inadequate description of study design.
The document discusses ethical considerations for evidence implementation and generation in healthcare. It outlines key ethical principles like beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy and justice. These principles form the foundation for core dimensions of healthcare quality according to the Institute of Medicine. The document also differentiates between clinical research, quality improvement initiatives, and evidence-based practice. It notes some controversies around applying different ethical standards to research versus quality improvement. Overall, the document provides an overview of how ethical principles guide evidence-based healthcare practices and quality improvement efforts.