Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and specific body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are categorized based on the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. The anterior rami of spinal nerves form plexuses that further distribute nerves to various body structures, while the thoracic spinal nerves directly innervate the intercostal muscles and skin as intercostal nerves.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
Largest part of hind brain.
Called “ silent area/Little Brain ”
Weight- 150 gms.
Cerebellar cortex is a large folded sheet, each fold is called Folium.
Connected to brain stem by 3 pairs of peduncles- Superior (Brachium conjunctiva), Middle (Brachium Pontis) & Inferior (Restiform body) peduncle.
Largest part of hind brain.
Called “ silent area/Little Brain ”
Weight- 150 gms.
Cerebellar cortex is a large folded sheet, each fold is called Folium.
Connected to brain stem by 3 pairs of peduncles- Superior (Brachium conjunctiva), Middle (Brachium Pontis) & Inferior (Restiform body) peduncle.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Spinal nerves.pptx by thirumurugan, MSc Nthiru murugan
Spinal nerves
M. Thiru murugan
Spinal nerves
The spinal nerves are the major nerves of the body within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
These nerves are an integral part of the PNS in that they control motor, sensory, and autonomic functions between the spinal cord and the body.
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, located at the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal levels
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1 to C8).
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1 to T12).
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1 to L5).
5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1to S5).
1 pair of coccygeal nerves (CO1).
Each of these nerves branch out from the spinal cord, dividing and subdividing to form a network connecting the spinal cord to every part of the body.
Spinal nerves are structures which receives sensory information from receptors of the periphery body, and then transmits this information to the CNS.
Similarly, the spinal nerves transmit motor commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the periphery, so the brain’s instructions can be carried out quickly.
Anatomy of Spinal Nerves
Spinal nerves are relatively large nerves which are distributed evenly along the spinal cord and the spine.
These spinal nerves are large as they are formed by both sensory and motor nerve roots merging together.
These nerve roots emerge from the spinal cord, the sensory roots from the back of the spinal cord, whereas the motor roots emerge from the front.
Each nerve root comprises of approximately 8 nerve rootlets and as they join together, they form the spinal nerves which project off the spinal cord.
The spinal nerves are formed within a few centimeters of the spine on each side.
Some groups of nerves merge to form a large plexus of nerves, whereas some divide into smaller branches without forming a plexus.
Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal column through an opening between nearby vertebrae (known as Intervertebral foramen).
This is the case for all of the spinal nerves except the first pair, which emerge between the occipital bone and the uppermost vertebrae.
Types and Functions of Spinal Nerves:
As spinal nerves contain both sensory and motor fibres, so have both sensory and motor functions.
For sensory functions, the spinal nerves receive sensory messages from the skin, internal organs, and the bones.
These spinal nerves will then send this sensory information to the sensory roots before reaching the sensory fibres at the back of the spinal cord.
For motor functions, the motor roots receive nerve messages via the front of the spinal cord and then transmits these messages to the spinal nerves.
Information will be sent to small nerve branches which will activate the muscles of the limbs and other body parts.
Cervical Nerves:
There are 8 cervical nerves on each side of the spine (C1 to C8), located at the top of the spine, of the cervical vertebrae.
The cervical nerves C1 to C5 can form a cervical plexus through the merging of these nerves. These can divide into smaller nerves
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Spinal Nerve
• Spinal nerve are the path of communication
between the spinal cord and the specific region
of the body
neuroscienceMizan
3. Spinal Nerve
• 31 pairs
• Spinal nerve follows the name of corresponding
vertebra column.
• Consists cervical spinal nerve, thoracic spinal nerve,
lumbar spinal nerve, sacral spinal nerve and coccyx
spinal nerve.
• Emerge from spinal cord and through the
intervertebral foramina of vertebra.
neuroscienceMizan
4. Spinal Nerve
• Spinal nerves:
1. 8 pairs of cervical spinal
nerves
2. 12 pairs of thoracic spinal
nerves
3. 5 pairs of lumbar spinal
nerves.
4. 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves
5. 1 pairs of coccyx spinal
nerves.
neuroscienceMizan
5. Spinal Nerve
• Cervical and thoracic spinal nerves arise and leave at
corresponding vertebra .
• Because the spinal cord are shorter than vertebra
column, nerve that arise from lumbar, sacral and
coccyx region of spinal cord do not leave the
vertebra column at the same level where they exit the
cord.
• The root of these spinal nerves angle inferiorly in the
vertebral canal from the end of spinal cord like wisps
of hair.
neuroscienceMizan
7. • These root of this nerve, collectively called cauda
equina.
• Typical spinal nerve has 2 connection to spinal cord;
posterior / dorsal and anterior/ ventral root.
• Posterior and anterior root unite to form spinal nerve at
intervertebral foramina.
• Since posterior root contain sensory axons and
anterior root contain motor axons, spinal nerves is
classified as a mixed nerve.
• Posterior root contain posterior root ganglion which
cell bodies of sensory neuron is located.
neuroscienceMizan
11. Spinal Nerves
Cervical spinal nerves
• 8 Pairs
• 1st pair emerge between atlas and occipital bone
• The remaining emerge from the vertebral column
through intervertebral foramina.
• Spinal nerves C1 – C7 exits the vertebral canal
above their corresponding vertebra.
• Spinal nerve C8 exits vertebral canal between C7
and T1
neuroscienceMizan
13. Spinal Nerves
Thoracic spinal nerve
• 12 pairs
• Exits the vertebral canal below their corresponding
vertebra.
• Emerge from thoracic vertebra
• Continuous to form intercostals nerves.
neuroscienceMizan
14. Spinal Nerves
Lumbar Spinal Nerve
• 5 pairs
• Emerge from lumbar vertebra.
• Exits the vertebral canal below their corresponding
vertebra.
neuroscienceMizan
15. Spinal Nerves
Sacral and Coccyx Spinal Nerve
• 5 pairs
• From the spinal cord, the root of the sacral spinal
nerve enter the sacral canal (part of the vertebral
canal).
• Sacral nerves (S1-S4) exits the vertebral canal via 4
pairs of anterior and posterior sacral foramen.
• Spinal nerves S5 and Co1 exits from sacral hiatus.
neuroscienceMizan
16. Distribution of Spinal Nerve
Branches
• From the root, after passing the intervetebral foramen,
a spinal nerve divide into several branches.
• Theses branches are call rami (ramus) ; posterior
(dorsal) ramus and anterior (ventral) ramus.
• Posterior (dorsal) ramus serve the deep muscles and
skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.
• Anterior (ventral) ramus serve muscles and structure
of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral
and anterior surface of the trunk.
neuroscienceMizan
17. Distribution of Spinal Nerve
Branches
• Spinal nerve also give off a meningeal branch, where
this branch reenter the vertebral cavity through
intervertebral foramen and supply the vertebra, vertebra
ligament and blood vessels of spinal cord and
meninges.
• Other branches from spinal nerve are the rami
communicantes ( components of ANS)
neuroscienceMizan
19. Distribution of Spinal Nerve
Plexuses
• Axons from the anterior (ventral) rami of spinal
nerves, except for the thoracic nerves T2-T12, do not
go directly to the body structures they supply.
• They form network on both the left and right side of
the body by joining with various numbers of axons
from anterior rami of adjacent nerves.
neuroscienceMizan
20. Distribution of Spinal Nerve
Plexuses
• Network of axons is call plexuses.
• The principle plexus:
1. Cervical plexus
2. Brachial plexus
3. Lumbar plexus
4. Sacral plexus
5. Coccygeal plexus
neuroscienceMizan
22. Distribution of Spinal Nerve
Plexuses
• Emerging from the plexus are nerves bearing names
that are often descriptive of the general regions they
serve or the course they take.
• Each of the nerves in turn may have several branches
named for the specific structures they innervate.
neuroscienceMizan
23. Plexuses
Cervical Plexus
• Formed by the roots of anterior rami of the 1st four
cervical nerve (C1-C4), with contribution from C5.
• There is one on each side of the neck alongside the
first 4 cervical vertebrae.
• Supply the skin (sensory / cutaneous innervations)
and muscles (motor innervations) of the:
head,
neck
superior part of the shoulder and chest.
neuroscienceMizan
25. Plexuses
Brachial Plexus
• Form by roots of anterior rami of spinal nerves of
C5-C8 and T1.
• Extends inferiorly and laterally on either side of the
last 4 and 5 cervical vertebrae.
• Divides into roots, trunks, divisions, cords and
terminal branches (nerves).
• 5 important nerves arise from brachial plexus are
musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, ulnar and median
nerves.
• Give skin (sensory) innervations and muscles
(motor) innervations for the most of the shoulder
and upper limbs region.
neuroscienceMizan
27. Plexuses
Lumbar Plexus
• The roots of anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4
form lumbar plexus.
• Minimal intermingling axons compare to brachial
plexus.
• The main nerve is a femoral (the largest) and
obturator nerves.
• Supply the skin and muscles of the:
– anterolateral abdominal wall
– external genitals (cremaster muscles, skin on scrotum, labia
majora etc)
– part of the lower limbs (adductor muscles of tight, flexor
muscles of hip and extensor muscles of knee joint)
neuroscienceMizan
29. Plexuses
Sacral Plexus
• Form by the roots of anterior rami of spinal nerves
L4-L5 and S1-S4.
• This plexus is situated largely anterior to the sacrum
• The largest nerve in the body, sciatic nerve arise
from the sacral plexus.
• Also pudendal nerve, superior gluteal, inferior
gluteal etc.
• Supply the skin (sensory) and muscles (motor) of
the:
– Buttock
– Perineum
– Lower limbs
neuroscienceMizan
31. Plexuses
Coccygeal Plexus
• Form from roots of anterior rami of spinal nerves S4
and S5 and the coccygeal nerves.
• Supplies a small area of skin in the coccygeal
region.
neuroscienceMizan
33. Intercostal Nerves
• The anterior rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 do not
enter into the formation of plexuses and are known
as intercostal or thoracic nerves.
• These nerves directly connect to the structure they
supply in the intercostal spaces.
• After leaving its intervertebral foramen, anterior
ramus of nerve T2 innervates the intercostal
muscles of the second intercostal space and
supplies the skin of the axilla and posteromedial
aspect of the arm.
neuroscienceMizan
34. Intercostal Nerves
• Nerves T3-T6 extend along the costal groove of the
ribs and then to the intercostal muscles and skin of
the anterior and lateral chest wall.
• Nerves T7-T12 supply the intercostal muscles and
abdominals muscles , along with the overlying skin.
• The posterior rami of the intercostal nerves supply
the deep back muscles and skin of the posterior
aspect of the thorax.
neuroscienceMizan