This document discusses key concepts in population genetics, including defining a population as a group of the same species living in a specific area. It provides an example of studying the genetics of a population of racers lizards, looking at the frequency of dominant and recessive alleles for stripe color. The values for p (frequency of dominant allele) and q (frequency of recessive allele) are calculated based on observing 110 lizards with the dominant white stripe allele out of 200 total alleles observed. This yields values of p=0.55 and q=0.45 for this population.