The document summarizes key concepts about the germ theory of disease and the immune system. It describes how Pasteur and Koch established that specific microorganisms cause infectious diseases through experiments. It then outlines the different types of pathogens that can cause disease and Koch's postulates for identifying the causative agent of a disease. The rest of the document explains the immune system's non-specific and specific defenses, including the skin, mucous membranes, inflammatory response, white blood cells, antigens, antibodies, B cells, T cells, memory cells, and how the immune system protects against infections.
Learn about the immune system and what Nature's Sunshine supplements you can take to help protect it. For more help on natural health and fitness be sure to visit BrilliantHealthandFitness.com or order supplements directly from Natures Sunshine. Be sure to use sponsor MCM Products, LLC (Sponsor Number: 2849323).
Learn about the immune system and what Nature's Sunshine supplements you can take to help protect it. For more help on natural health and fitness be sure to visit BrilliantHealthandFitness.com or order supplements directly from Natures Sunshine. Be sure to use sponsor MCM Products, LLC (Sponsor Number: 2849323).
My Power Point Presentation on the Immune/Lymphatic Systems. The damn animations and emphasis' better work I have spent more time with them than adding the content.
My Power Point Presentation on the Immune/Lymphatic Systems. The damn animations and emphasis' better work I have spent more time with them than adding the content.
Evasion of the host immune response by Mycobacterium tuberculosisRichard Bautista
PowerPoint slides for a presentation on some of the methods and mechanisms used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to evade host immune responses. The presentation was given on Monday, April 25, 2016, for the Advanced Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry course at Middle Tennessee State University.
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic system and body defensesJethro Baltazar
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic System and body defenses.
This presentation was made by Jethro Baltazar showing the Lymphatic system, Parts of Lymphatic system, Function of Lymphatic System, The body defenses including the importance of Lymphatic System in defending our body, Disorders of immunity and Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System.
Email me at emulsifier1998@gmail.com and jethrobaltazar1998@yahoo.com for more information and permission to download. You can also text me at 09096530340.
IMMUNITY:
INTRODUCTION:
Our immune system is essential for our survival.
Without an immune system, our bodies would be open to attack from bacteria, viruses, parasites, and more.
It is our immune system that keeps us healthy as we drift through a sea of pathogens.
Immune cells are specialized cells that make up the immune system, which is the body's natural defense against pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. There are several types of immune cells, each with a unique function:
White blood cells (leukocytes): These are the primary immune cells that defend the body against pathogens. They are further divided into two main types:
Phagocytes: These cells engulf and digest invading pathogens. Examples include neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages.
Lymphocytes: These cells are responsible for recognizing and attacking specific pathogens. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells.
Natural killer (NK) cells: These are a type of lymphocyte that attacks virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
Dendritic cells: These are specialized cells that present antigens to T cells, thereby initiating an immune response.
Mast cells: These are immune cells that play a role in allergic reactions by releasing histamine and other chemicals.
Eosinophils: These are a type of white blood cell that plays a role in fighting parasites and in allergic reactions.
All of these immune cells work together to protect the body against pathogens and maintain a healthy immune system.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Immune system
1.
2. Germ Theory of
Disease
• “Microorganisms cause infectious
disease”
• Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch did several
experiments to identify disease causing
agents.
• Determined that each disease is caused
by a “specific” microorganism
3. Agents of Disease
• The following types of
organisms can cause
disease:
1. Viruses
2. Bacteria
3. Protists (malaria)
4. Worms
5. Fungi
• Pathogen is anything
that causes disease.
4. Koch’s Postulates
• In order to identify what organism causes a specific
disease, certain rules are followed.
• Koch Postulates:
1) pathogen must be found in subject with disease
but never in a healthy subject
2) pathogen can be isolated from sick person and
grown in lab
3) pathogens injected into healthy person will
cause the individual to become infected with the
same disease
4) injected pathogens can be isolated from newly
infected individual and are identical to original
pathogens
5. Koch’s Experiment- Germ
Theory
• Koch’s postulates are very important because
they are the basic steps for identifying, curing,
and preventing specific diseases.
6.
7. What is a system?
• A group of tissues (organs) work together
to do a task.
• Ex) digestive system, circulatory system,
immune system…
• Function of the immune system is to
protect body from invasion by pathogens.
8. Overview of Body’s
Defenses
Non-Specific Defenses Specific Defenses
First Line of Defense Second Line of
Defense
Immune Response
Skin and Mucous Inflammatory
Response
Non-Specific
WBC (phagocytes)
Specific (diverse)
Antigens/Antibodies
Lots WBC
Memory
9. Non-Specific Defense
• Similar to “walls of a fort” protect by keeping
pathogens out of body
• Body does NOT distinguish one pathogen from
another
• Your body has several non-specific defenses…
1) External- skin and mucous membranes
(1st
line defense)
2) Internal- Inflammatory response
(2nd
line defense)
10. “Skin”
• Physical barrier
• Chemical barrier-
secretes oil and
sweat (lowers pH
skin), tears (contain
enzyme called
lysozyme), and saliva
• Sheds constantly
(1 million cells per
hour)
11. “Mucous Membranes”
• Skin contains natural
openings (nose, mouth,
trachea, esophagus)
• These areas are lined by
mucous membranes
• Secrete mucus traps
foreign objects
• Areas lined with cilia
• Any pathogens make it
past, may be killed by
stomach acids.
12. “Small Scale
Infections”
• The first line of defense has been broken… second line of defense
is triggered to attack any invaders present
• Inflammatory response
• Body’s attempt to destroy pathogens that enter the body when
the skin is injured
• Triggers series of reactions …
1.) Chemical called histamine is released from white blood
cells called basophils
2) Blood vessels in area of injury swell
3) Tissue at injury site swells
4) Temperature in area of injury rises = redness
5) White blood cells called phagocytes move from the vessels
into the injured tissue eat pathogen and damaged skin cells
6) Platelets clot blood and seal infected area
13.
14. “What if pathogens get
in?”
• White blood cells take over and specifically identify and
eliminate the pathogen.
• White blood cells = “soldiers”
• Immune Response
15. Organs of the Immune
System
White blood cells
called leukocytes
Made thymus and
bone marrow
Stored tonsils,
spleen, and lymph
nodes.
16. How does your body
know
there is an invader?
• All pathogens have “distinct” antigens.
• Antigens are marker proteins- trigger immune
response
• Your body must recognize antigens in order to
identify and defeat the pathogen.
• Normal cells also have antigens.
Antigen
17.
18. Antibodies
• Your white blood cells produce antibodies in
response to specific antigens.
• These are specific to each pathogen.
• All pathogens are unique, your immune system
has to prepare a specific defense against each
invader.
• If you makes/have the antibodies it can kill the
pathogen and you can fight the infection.
• B-cells (type of white blood cell) make the
antibodies!
19. Building “Immunity”
• What happens if a pathogen makes it
past the first lines of defense and avoids
the inflammation response?
• Your body must “actively” fight the
disease.
• This takes time.
• This requires a special group of white
blood cells lymphocytes.
20. “The Soldiers”
• Many types of WBC
work together during
the immune response to
fight the infection.
• Macrophages
• Lymphocytes
21. “The Soldiers”
• 3 major classes of
lymphocytes:
1) B-cells (plasma cells)
2) T-cells
-Helper T cells
-Killer T cells
-Suppressor T cells
3) Memory cells
22. Step #1 “Invader
Identification”
• Macrophages identify pathogen, eat it, display
antigens, signal helper T cells (interleukin-1).
• Body temperature will increase (interleukin-1) in
attempt to slow down pathogen.
23. • Helper T cells release interleukin 2 – signals
help other leukocytes (other T-cells and B-cells)
24. Step #2 “Cloning
Phase”
• B cells make antibodies - lock onto
antigens.“Marked for death.”
Antibodies
Antigen
25. • Killer T cells kill infected body cells.
Step #3 “The Attack Phase”
26. Step #3 “The Attack
Phase”
• Macrophages clean up- eating pathogens,
damaged body cells, etc.
• Suppressor T cells “call off the troops” stopping
the immune response.
27. Step #4 “Memory
Phase”
• Memory cells “remember” the attack and
recognize a pathogen if it re-enters body.
• Primary vs. secondary immune response
28. Active vs. Passive
Immunity
• Active = your body must fight off the
disease to build up antibodies. Ex.)
Fighting an infection or Vaccination
• Passive = receiving antibodies from an
outside source. Ex.) Breast feeding
29. Other Topics – Related
to Immune System
•It is the job of the immune system to
distinguish between the body’s own
molecules and foreign molecules
•Antigens – “marker proteins”
•Blood Transfusions and Organ Transplants
30. If the key fits the lock = bad!!!
Blood Transfusions and the Immune
System
• Blood cells have marker proteins or
“antigens”
31. Organ Transplants and the
Immune System
• Foreign organs also have marker
proteins.
• If recognized as “foreign” = REJECTION.
• Doctors must “match” a new organs
marker proteins to the patients.
• Drugs can help suppress the immune
response (immunosuppresants).
32. What if the immune
system fails?
• Sometimes the immune system loses the
ability to distinguish itself from non-self.
• Results in autoimmune disease
• Body attacks own tissues
• Ex) lupus, multiple sclerosis, arthritis
33. LUPUS
• Person’s immune system attacks various
organs or cells of the body (skin, joints,
kidneys, heart, and lungs) causing
damage
• Lupus is a multi-system disease because
it can affect many different tissues and
organs in the body.
34. LUPUS
Symptoms:
• Fatigue
• Low-grade fever, rarely exceeding 102°F
• Muscle pain and joint pain or swelling
• Skin rash (face, back, arms) and hair loss
• Kidney problems and weight loss
37. What if the immune
system fails?
• Sometimes the immune system collapses
• Ex) HIV
• Virus invades macrophages and helper T
cells
• Without these WBC immune response
will not work
• Body becomes overwhelmed with
pathogens (HIV AIDS)
38. What if the immune
system fails?
• Sometimes the immune
system overreacts
thinking something is a
pathogen when it is NOT
• Allergy- immune system
response to a non-
pathogenic antigen
• Ex) pollen, food, insect
bite, dust, etc.
39. Steps – Allergic
Reaction
• 1) Pollen inhaled
• 2) cells of nasal
passage called mast
cells release chemical-
histamine
• 3) nearby capillaries
swell- increases fluid
*Allergies are treated
with medication that
contains
antihistamines
(chemical that blocks
histamine)
40. Immune System and
Cancer
• Major function of immune system is to
patrol for cancer cells
• Called Immunological Surveillance
• Killer-T cells can identify, attack, and
destroy cancer cells