this presentation is based on gene mutation and its types.
Video lecture in Urdu is available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNBWAK-qKbY&t=10s
Subscribe 'the eBotany' for more informative stuff.
this presentation is based on gene mutation and its types.
Video lecture in Urdu is available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNBWAK-qKbY&t=10s
Subscribe 'the eBotany' for more informative stuff.
A GENE is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.
GENE MUTATIONS
A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a large segment of a chromosome that includes multiple genes.
This is a brief overview of the Types of Mutation. I have compiled all the salient features of the Mutation and shared in this presentation, hope you guys like it.
Alterations in the DNA code, such as changing a letter, deleting a letter, inserting a letter or moving sections aroun proteins with abnormal functions.
If these abnormal functions cause the cell to grow, divide, ignore regulatory signals or assume new functions, cancers can develop
Fortunately, normal cells are good at repairing mistakes should they occur and have multiple systems for ensuring that the DNA co transmitted to its two daughter cells when it divides. Normal cells even have suicide programs if the mistakes are beyond repair, a p death, known as apoptosis. [Source: https://www.loxooncology.com/genomically-defined-cancers/genomic-alterations]
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Mutations happen regularly
Almost all mutations are neutral
Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations
Many mutations are repaired by enzymes
Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations
Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)
chromosome mutations=
Five types exist:
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
Duplication
A GENE is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.
GENE MUTATIONS
A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a large segment of a chromosome that includes multiple genes.
This is a brief overview of the Types of Mutation. I have compiled all the salient features of the Mutation and shared in this presentation, hope you guys like it.
Alterations in the DNA code, such as changing a letter, deleting a letter, inserting a letter or moving sections aroun proteins with abnormal functions.
If these abnormal functions cause the cell to grow, divide, ignore regulatory signals or assume new functions, cancers can develop
Fortunately, normal cells are good at repairing mistakes should they occur and have multiple systems for ensuring that the DNA co transmitted to its two daughter cells when it divides. Normal cells even have suicide programs if the mistakes are beyond repair, a p death, known as apoptosis. [Source: https://www.loxooncology.com/genomically-defined-cancers/genomic-alterations]
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Mutations happen regularly
Almost all mutations are neutral
Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations
Many mutations are repaired by enzymes
Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations
Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)
chromosome mutations=
Five types exist:
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
Duplication
Biomarkers For Neural Differentiation With Ion AmpliSeq | ESHG 2015 Poster PS...Thermo Fisher Scientific
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are pluripotent cells that give rise to neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the nervous system. They hold promise for treatment of brain and spinal injuries and diseases. However, very little is known about their regulatory mechanisms. Here we used Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to define the temporal transcriptome signatures of NSCs. Cultured human embryonic stem cells (H9) were compared to induced NSCs at days 0, 7 and 14. Total RNAs were extracted and Ion AmpliSeq™ Transcriptome libraries were created for sequencing. The expression profiles of the same dataset were also evaluated by Whole transcriptome (WT) RNA-Seq and Affymetrix Gene 2.0 ST arrays. The transcriptome profiles of H9 cells differed little between days 0, 7, and 14 while NSCs induced from H9 cells showed remarkable differences from day 0 to days 7 and 14 during differentiation. Hierarchical clustering results also showed more robust sample classification for NSCs than H9 cells. Comparing the expression profiles of NSCs versus H9 cells, a total of 4001 and 4768 were differentially expressed at day 7 and day 14 respectively (p-value < 0.01, fold change > 2) . We further clustered their expressions into 24 groups by Self-organizing map. A total of ~250 genes showed similar expression patterns to known NSC markers including SOX1 and PAX6. These genes are enriched for neural differentiation related pathways and are potential candidates for novel NSC markers. Their expressions will be further verified by TaqMan® gene expression assays. In summary, we used NGS to construct a temporal transcriptome database of H9 cells and NSCs. We also developed an analysis pipeline to systematically identify potential novel NSC markers.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
references:
Campbell, et al. Biology 7th ed. Chapter 21.
AP Biology power points: http://biologyjunction.com/ap_powerpoints_7th.htm
thanks to the owner of photos used in this presentation. :)
Complete all three parts and answer all questions.Download Graph.docxluellaj
Complete all three parts and answer all questions.
Download
Graphic Organizer
for answering all questions
and genetics exercises in this assignment.
Part I: Genetics – From Genes to Proteins, Mutations
Background:
DNA represents the architectural blueprint for all living systems, encoding specific instructions in the sequence of its four nitrogen-containing base pairs that are necessary for building the organism.
During the process of transcription, the information in the DNA codons of a gene is transcribed into RNA.
A change in the DNA sequence, for example as a result of a "mistake" during DNA replication, is defined as a mutation. Mutations may result in a change in the "blueprint," which may then change the resulting protein product.
Assignment details for part one:
Transcribe and translate EACH of the
three
following DNA gene sequences.
Turn these in using the graphic organizer. The letters represent the DNA N-base sequences of the genes.
The first is the original gene. The next two are mutations of the original. Note that the changes (mutations) are shown in red.
Original Gene sequence 3'-T A C C C T T T A G T A G C C A C T-5
Mutated gene sequence 1 3’-T A C
G
C T T T A G T A G C C A
T
T-5'
Mutated gene sequence 2 3’-T A
A
C C T T T A
C
T A G
G
C A C T-5’
Also, answer the following questions:
What is the significance of the first and last codons of an mRNA transcript?
What meaning do these mRNA codons have for protein synthesis?
Did the mutations result in a change in the final proteins? If so, describe the change.
In general, why might a change in amino acid sequence affect protein function?
Part II: Inheritance of Traits or Genetic Disorders
Background
: Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that affects the respiratory, digestive, or reproductive systems of the body, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Bob and Sally are recently married. Upon deciding to plan a family, both Sally and Bob find out that they are both
heterozygous
for
cystic fibrosis
, but neither of them has symptoms of the disorder.
Assignment details:
Complete a
Punnett Square for cystic fibrosis
for this couple using the following alleles:
C = normal allele
; and
c = allele for cystic fibrosis
.
Complete the Punnett Square in the graphic organizer.
Also answer the following questions:
Based on the Punnett square, calculate chances (percentages) for the following:
for having a healthy child (not a carrier)
a child that is a carrier for the cystic fibrosis trait
a child with cystic fibrosis
Be sure to submit these percentages as part of your assignment in the Graphic Organizer.
Part III: Cell division, sexual reproduction and genetic variability
Background
: Eukaryotic cells can divide by mitosis or meiosis. In humans, mitosis produces new cells for growth and repair; meiosis produces sex cells (gametes) called
sperm
and
eggs.
Although mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variability, both meiosis and sexual reprod.
Advance Microbiology slides which discuss about molecular genetics. This slides can also be use for those who are taking Masters of Education Major in Science
Cell Biology and genetics paper - Mutation a basic touch to b.sc students with examples. DNA, genome, gene level mutation and chromosome level with examples. Touched some of the mutation types.
Describe how the structure of the DNA double helix was discovered. E.pdfarchanadesignfashion
Describe how the structure of the DNA double helix was discovered. Explain how DNA
ultimately controls the functioning of cells (be specific), and how/why mutations in DNA can
disrupt proper functioning. In chapter 2 you learned that the function of DNA and RNA is
\"information storage.\" Using what you\'ve teamed in Chapter 5, describe in detail the specific
functions of DNA and RNA. Explain the process of transcription. Explain the process of
translation. Briefly describe three types of mutations and explain how certain mutations can be
unrecognizable in an organism while others may have disastrous consequences. Summarize
three ways that genetic engineering is being used in agriculture. Explain three concerns
regarding the use of GMO\'s in agriculture How has genetic engineering technology been
directly applied to human health (most agriculture applications are indirect)? Has it been
successful? How are goals used to make medicine?
Solution
1 The function of DNA? depends to a large extent on its structure. The three-dimensional
structure of DNA was first proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. It is one of the
most famous scientific discoveries of all time.
James and Francis used evidence shared by others, particularly Rosalind Franklin and Maurice
Wilkins, to determine the shape of DNA. Rosalind worked with Maurice at King\'s College
London. She beamed X-rays through crystals of the DNA molecule and then used photographic
film to record where the scattered X-rays fell. The shadows on the film were then used to work
out where the dense molecules lie in the DNA. This technique is called X-ray diffraction. The
DNA crystals resulted in a cross shape on the X-ray film which is typical of a molecule with a
helix shape. The resulting X-ray was named Photograph 51 and Maurice shared it with James
and Francis.
In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick published their theory that DNA must be shaped like a
double helix. A double helix resembles a twisted ladder. Each \'upright\' pole of the ladder is
formed from a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups. Each DNA base? (adenine,
cytosine, guanine, thymine) is attached to the backbone and these bases form the rungs. There
are ten \'rungs\' for each complete twist in the DNA helix.
James and Francis suggested that each \'rung\' of the DNA helix was composed of a pair of
bases, joined by hydrogen bonds?. According to Erwin Chargaff’s rules, A would always form
hydrogen bonds with T, and C with G.
2 - It is not the DNA itself that controls cellular functions, it is the proteins that are coded by the
DNA. The nucleotide sequences that make up DNA are a “code” for the cell to make hundreds of
different types of proteins; it is these proteins that function to control and regulate cell growth,
division, communication with other cells and most other cellular functions. This is why DNA is
said to “carry” or “store” information in the form of nucleotide sequences.
The sequences need to be “d.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Plans for the week
• Monday – research a
geneticist
• Tuesday – share your
brochure; mutations
lesson
• Wednesday – mutations
lesson
• Thursday – review
molecular genetics
• Friday – molecular
genetics exam
• DNA structure and function
• Cell specialization and gene
expression
• Chromosome structure
• Karyotypes
• DNA replication
• formation of mRNA
• Using a codon chart
• role of mRNA, tRNA, and
ribosomes (rRNA) in the
production of proteins
• Mutations types
• Some important work by
some important scientists
3. 1-24-17 Agenda
1. Warm up
2. Mutations lesson until 11:30; 1:10; 2:15
3. Time to work on Brochure (last class time)
1. To have me print you must format to be 1
page back-to-back
4. Objective
Students will analyze point mutations and
explain how the mutation affects the
sequence of amino acids.
6. What you know so far…
DNA codes for ________
Proteins are made up of
_____ ____
We can determine the
order of the ___________
in a ______ by using a
codon chart.
proteins
amino acids
amino acids
protein
7. How this connects to our new
lesson
Proteins must
have exactly the
right shape to
work properly
Normal
protein
shape
Abnormal
protein shape
due to wrong
amino acids
8. A mutation is a change in the genetic
code that causes the protein that is
coded for to have the wrong shape or
not be made by the cell
9. What kinds of mutations are
there? Bo Xishun 7’9”
Chandra Bahadur Dangi
21.5”
10. Point Mutations
Changes in one or a few of the nitrogen
bases (letters) of the DNA code
– There are 2 main types
11. 1. Base substitution = a letter (or a
few letters) is substituted for another
How could
such a small
change make
a difference?
A change in the
bases might lead
to a change in
the amino acid
coded for
12. Add this diagram to your notes
Substitution of
bases (letters) Different
amino
acid
Wrong
protein
shape
Same
amino
acid
Same
protein
shape
No effect
on
person
Disease
or
disorder
Example:
Example:
13. Base Substitution Mutation
Think of it like a sentence:
Normal sentence would read
– THE DOG BIT THE CAT
A base substitution mutation might make
the sentence read:
– THE DOC BIT THE CAT
This changes the meaning of the sentence
14. Changing a single base
can cause a dramatic
change:
– Example: sickle cell anemia
15. Practice
Normal DNA: TAC GGC TTT
Mutated DNA: TAC GGC GTT
Step 1: Circle any mutations
Step 2: Transcribe DNA to mRNA
Step 3: Group mRNA into codons
Step 4: Use the codon chart to list the amino
acids
Q1: Where is the
mutation in this
DNA strand?
Q2: What amino
acid was
changed?
Q3: What kind of
mutation is this?
16. Practice
Normal DNA: CAA ACC GGG
Mutated DNA: CAA ACT GGG
Step 1: Circle any mutations
Step 2: Transcribe DNA to mRNA
Step 3: Group mRNA into codons
Step 4: Use the codon chart to list the amino acids
Q1: Where is the
mutation in this
DNA strand? Q2: What amino
acid was
changed?
Q3: What kind of
mutation is this?
Q4: How would
the protein
product be
affected?
17. Not all mutations cause problems
Viable mutations – mutations that do
not decrease the ability of an organism
to survive and reproduce
18. Changing a single
base may not cause
any change at all:
– Proline is coded for
by GGG, GGA, GGC,
and GGT
List at least two amino acids that
are coded for by 2 or more
codons. Write the names of the
amino acids and all their codons
on your whiteboard.
Are any amino acids
coded for by only 1
codon?
What are they?
We call these
SILENT
mutations
19. Add this to your diagram
Substitution of
bases (letters) Different
amino
acid
Wrong
protein
shape
Same
amino
acid
Same
protein
shape
No effect
on
person
Disease
or
disorder
Example:
Example:https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=o3yQZp5Rs-o
20. Practice
Partner A:
Normal DNA:
GAC AAG TCC
Mutated DNA:
GAC TAG TCC
Partner B:
Normal DNA:
TCC ACA CTG
Mutated DNA:
GCC ACA CTG
Complete the sentence. Share with your partner and then
share with the class.
What kind of mutation is it?
Will it affect the protein? Explain.
22. Frameshift Mutation
Think of it as a sentence again:
– THE DOG BIT THE CAT
Adding an extra letter makes it:
– THH EDO GBI TTH ECA T
It changes the entire sentence to nonsense.
This kind of mutation always has a negative
effect on the protein product.
23. Some diseases caused by frameshift
mutations:
Breast cancer
Cystic fibrosis
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/g
enome/program_t.html
24. More practice
Partner A:
Original DNA:
GGGTTTACC
Mutated DNA
GGGATTTACC
Partner B:
Original DNA:
GGGTTTACC
Mutated DNA
GGTTTACC
Q1. What kind of
mutation is this?
Q2. How would
this mutation
affect the protein
product?
25. More practice
Write a DNA sequence of 9 letters.
Label it “Original DNA”
Then write the same DNA sequence but
with one of the mutation types we are
learning about.
Give it to your neighbor to solve.
Complete this sentence using the
problem your neighbor gave you.
This is an example of a ________ mutation. I can tell
because _________. This mutation will/will not change
the protein because _________________.
26. Now try it on your own
Complete the three practice problems
on the worksheet.
Have your teacher check it when you
are finished.