The document discusses mutations at the genetic level. It begins by defining a mutation as "a change in the sequence of DNA bases." It then provides the example of congenital hypertrichosis, where individuals are completely covered in hair except for the hands and feet, and there is no cure. The document instructs students to research another example of a genetic mutation for homework. It emphasizes that mutations can be harmful or beneficial to organisms.

1. Mutations
“A change in the
sequence of DNA bases.”
Congenital
hypertrichosis
Completely covered in hair
except in the palms of their
hands and feet
No cure – options are drug
treatment (side effects) or laser
hair removal (painful, takes 1-4
years)

2. Homework
Due Thursday 28th
February.
Research another example of genetic
mutations ready for next lesson.
Write down your example in your book
along with a few sentences explaining
about the mutation. If possible print
out a picture too!
Remember mutations can be harmful
or a beneficial to an organism.

3. Mutations
WALT: To be able to explain how mutations occur within
an organism.
WILF:
~ Recall that different proteins are made of up different
numbers and sequences of amino acids. (C)
~ Explain that a mutation changes the DNA base
sequence. (C)
~ Explain that mutations can be either harmful, beneficial
or have no effect with examples (B)
~ Suggest why different amino acid sequences in proteins
create different shapes (A)
Keywords
Mutation protein amino acid sickle cell anaemia

4. Following transcription and
translation…
The amino acid chain
or polypeptide can
then twist and fold in
order to form a
protein.
Proteins are used
throughout the body.

5. The folding of the polypeptide results in the protein
having a specific 3d shape. For example…
Haemoglobin
Globular shape
helps this protein to
move around RBC
easily.
Keratin
Long, strong, fibrous
molecules.

6. Mutations
How?
“A change in the
sequence of DNA bases.”
A mistake is made
when the DNA is being
copied.
An induced mutation.

7. Mutations
What?
“A change in the
sequence of DNA bases.”
Sickle cell disease.
Bacteria being resistant
to antibiotics.

8. 1. What is a mutation?
2. Explain why the 3d shape formed by the amino acid
chains in haemoglobin are important.
3. Describe the effect of sickle-cell mutation on the
shape of the red blood cell.
4. Explain why this mutation is a problem to people
who have sickle cell disease.
5. Using your homework example of a mutation to
discuss if this mutation is beneficial, a problem or
neither to an organism.

9. The strongest link!
Transcription
Mutation
Clone
Meiosis
Amino acid
Mitosis
Translation
mRNA
Haemoglobin
Uracil
Protein
tRNA