Ecology derived from two Greek word “oikos” means house, habitation or place of living & “logos” means study.
Definition: Ecology is the study of interrelationship between living organism and their physical and biological environment.
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These slides cover the types of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Briefly states the basic definition, the distinguish factors moreover the flora and fauna found at these places.
Ecology derived from two Greek word “oikos” means house, habitation or place of living & “logos” means study.
Definition: Ecology is the study of interrelationship between living organism and their physical and biological environment.
Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystem, Biomes and distribution Batool Fatima
These slides cover the types of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Briefly states the basic definition, the distinguish factors moreover the flora and fauna found at these places.
This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
well, dis z again another ppt on molecular biology..
I know dis kinda luks boring bt pretty informative
thanks
let me know wat you think abt dis
don't forget to comment
this is a review about evolution of antibiotic resistance. I tried to answer how bacteria acquire new genes to resist, how they choose, what are people doing to prevent this increasing resistance levels.
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. Mut at ions
1. mutations:
Is a change in the
sequence of nucleotides
in the DNA
May result in new alleles
or new genes
Is usually harmful
Must be in the gametes
to be passed on to
offspring
4. Mutations are more likely to be
favorable when the environment is
changing
5. Duplicat ions
Duplication mutations can lead
to an expanded genome with
more loci that can take on new
functions
Duplication mutations are
thought to be the reason why
certain mammals have more
genes for detecting odors than
others
6. Mut at ion rat es
Plants and animals
average about 1
mutation for every
100,000 genes per
generation
Mutations happen more
quickly in organisms that
reproduce quickly, like
bacteria
7. 2. Sexual Recombinat ion of
DNA
During crossing over
and fertilization
Produces variations
that make adaptation
possible
Sexual reproduction
results in unique
combinations of genes
every generation
8. Quick Checks
What is “sexual recombination”?
What processes need to occur in cells
for “sexual recombination” to occur?
10. Most evolutionary change the result of…
1. Natural selection
2. Genetic drift
3. Gene flow
Most evolutionary change the result of…
1. Natural selection
2. Genetic drift
3. Gene flow
11. Nat ural Select ion
Results in the
differential
success of
organisms in being
able to reproduce
and pass on their
genes to the next
generation
12. Genet ic Drif t
Fluctuations in allele frequencies in a small
population from one generation to the next
The smaller the size of the population, the more likely
there is to be a major shift in allele frequencies
13. Genet ic Drif t
Evolution by drift is aimless, not
adaptive, because it is chance
alone
Drift is common in two population
events: Genetic bottlenecks and
Founder events.
3 initial breeding
pairs - shift in
gene pool
14. The Bot t leneck Ef f ect
when a population
undergoes a drastic
reduction in size as a
result of chance
events (fire, flood,
drought).
It is completely
arbitrary and
unrelated to
phenotype.
15. The Bot t leneck
Ef f ect
Lack of variation means less
adaptability
Some alleles may be
overrepresented in the
survivors, some
underrepresented, and some
not represented at all.
Humans sometimes create
bottlenecks in other species
16. The
Founder
Ef f ect
a small group of individuals becomes
separated from the larger population. They
may establish a new population with a gene
pool that is not representative of the larger
population. Helps account for the high
frequency of certain disorders in isolated
populations
17. Gene Flow
Gene flow - movement of genes between
populations. Gain or loss of alleles from a
population due to migration of fertile individuals,
or from the transfer of gametes.
Tends to reduce differences between
populations
Gene flow increases the variability of the gene
pool by adding new alleles.
20. Variat ion in a
populat ion
Discrete characters - “either/or”
traits, usually controlled by a single
gene
E.g. - widow’s peak or no widow’s
peak
Phenotypic polymorphism - the
population has 2 or more distinct
morphs for a trait that are fairly
common in the population
21. Genetic polymorphisms - the presence
of 2 or more distinct alleles in the gene
pool of a population
May result in phenotypes that vary
along a continuum, like height in
humans
22. Geographic variat ion
Most species
have geographic
variations in their
gene pools
between different
populations
Due to
environmental
differences
23. Survival of t he
f it t est
Fitness - the contribution an
individual makes to the gene pool
of the next generation for
advantageous adaptations
Relative fitness - the contribution
of a genotype to the next
generation. It is dependent upon
the genetic and environmental
context in which it was expressed
(is it still an advantage to have
that gene?)
24. Modes of Select ion
Directional
Most common during times of change or migration
Favors one end of the phenotype range
25. Modes of Select ion
Disruptive
Occurs when conditions favor the two extremes in
the phenotype range
Most likely to result in speciation
26. Modes of Select ion
Stabilizing -
Favors the average phenotype
Reduces variation in a population
27.
28. Why don’t “negat ive” phenot ypes
event ually disappear ?
Diploids - variation “hides” in
recessive alleles of
heterozygotes
Balancing selection - natural
selection that favors two or
more phenotypes in a
population, called balanced
polymorphism
29. The Het erozygot e
Advant age
When individuals that are
heterozygous for a trait have greater
fitness than homozygotes
Example: sickle cell anemia
AA - normal RBCs but prone to the
worst effects of malaria
aa - have sickle cell anemia
Aa - do not have sickle cell, are
protected against the worst effects of
malaria
30. Frequency Dependent Select ion
The fitness of any one morph declines if
that morph becomes too common in the
population
Common in predator-prey relationships
31. Sexual Select ion
Natural selection for mating success
Sexual dimorphism - the obvious
differences between males & females in
a population
32. Intrasexual selection -
members of the same
sex compete with each
other for mates
Antlers, large size, etc
Intersexual selection -
mate choice -
individuals of one sex
are choosy in selecting
their mate
Peacock tails, etc.
Reflects upon the overall
fitness of the individual
(only healthy males can
grow that big tail)
33. Nat ural Select ion cannot
creat e perf ect organisms
1. New phenotypes are the result of many small
changes to previous phenotypes
2. As the environment changes, previous adaptations
may not be favorable anymore
3. Selection can only act on variations that already
exist in the gene pool
Editor's Notes
Unique DNA in each individual as a result of sexual reproduction
Crossing over
meiosis