The document provides an overview of physics, detailing its branches, including classical and modern physics, and their subdivisions such as mechanics, optics, acoustics, and thermodynamics. It explains the classification of matter into organic and inorganic, as well as elements, compounds, and mixtures, while discussing physical and chemical properties of substances, changes in states of matter, and the kinetic molecular theory. Additionally, it addresses forms of energy, including potential and kinetic energy, alongside concepts of cohesion and adhesion in materials.

1. Physics and
Matter
By
Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz

2. Physics
• thestudy of
everyday
phenomenausing
thefundamental
lawsof nature.
• thestudy of matter
and energy and
their relationship.

3. Branchesof Physics

4. Classical Physics
• MECHANICS –
thestudy of
forcesacting on
bodieswhether
at rest or in
motion

5. Branchesof Physics
• Classical Physics – the traditional forces that
were recognized and developed before the
beginning of the20th
century
• Modern Physics – to the concepts in physics
that have surfaced since the beginning of the
20th
century.

6. Subdivisionsof Mechanics
1. Statics– study of
theforceson a
body or bodiesar
rest.
2. Dynamics- study
of motion and the
forcesthat affect it.
3. Kinematics- study
of motion without
regard to itscauses

7. Optics
• thestudy of light
• concerned not only with
visiblelight but also
with infrared and
ultraviolet radiation,
which exhibit all of the
phenomenaof visible
light except visibility,
e.g., reflection,
refraction, interference,
diffraction.

8. Acoustics/Sound Physics
• thestudy of sound, isoften
considered abranch of
mechanicsbecausesound is
dueto themotionsof the
particlesof air or other
medium through which
sound wavescan travel and
thuscan beexplained in
termsof thelawsof
mechanics.
Ultrasonics - thestudy of
sound wavesof very high
frequency, beyond therange
of human hearing.

9. Heat
• Heat isaform of
energy, theinternal
energy possessed by
theparticlesof which
asubstanceis
composed
Thermodynamics-
dealswith the
relationshipsbetween
heat and other forms
of energy.

10. Electromagnetism
- the study of the
properties of electric
current and magnetism
and their relationship
a. Electrostatics – on
electric charges at
rest
b. Electrodynamics–
on moving charges
c. Magnetostatics –
on magnetic poles
at rest

11. Modern Physics
1. ATOMIC and NUCLEAR PHYSICS – the
study of the components, structure and
behavior of thenucleusof theatom.
2. QUANTUM PHYSICS – the study of the
discrete nature of phenomena at the atomic
and subatomic levels its focus is on the
invisible units of energy called quanta as
described by thequantum theory.

12. 3. RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS - the study of
phenomena that take place in a forms of
reference that is in motion with respect
to an observer.
4. SOLID STATE PHYSICS – study of all
properties of solid materials including
electrical conduction in crystals of semi-
conductor and metals.

13. 5. CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS –study of the
properties of condensed materials (solids, and liquid
and those intermediate between them and dense gas)
with the ultimate goal and developing new material
with better properties; it is an extension of solid
statephysics.
6. PLASMA PHYSICS –the study of the fourth state of
matter; plasma
7. LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS – the study of the
production and maintenance of temperatures down
to almost absolute zero and the various phenomena
that occur only at such temperature.

14. Matter

15. Matteris anything that occupies
space and has mass

16. Classification of Matter
According to theorigin orsource, matter isclassified as organic and
inorganic matter. Organic matter comesfrom living things, while
ino rganic matter comesfrom non-living things.
Chemistshavestudied that all formsof matter may beclassified into three
general classeson thebasisof their compositions. Thesearetheelements,
compoundsand mixtures.
 Element isasubstance, which cannot bedecomposed by ordinary means.
Atom isthesmallest part of an element that can enter into combination with
other elements.
 Compound isasubstance, which can bedecomposed into two or more
simpler substancesby ordinary chemical means.
 Mixture isamaterial composed of two or moresubstanceseach of which
retainsitsown characteristic properties. a. Heterogeneousmixtureisone
which haspartspossessing different properties. b. Homogeneousmixtureis
onewhich hassimilar propertiesthroughout. Substanceisahomogeneous
material composed of oneparticular kind of matter.

18. Matter can ordinarily exist in three physical states –solid,
liquid, and gas. A fourth state of matter exists under
special conditions, called plasma.

19. The state of matterchanges as you add
more energy.

20. Changesin matter

21. Physical Properties
Specific properties arethosefeatures, which definitely distinguish one
substancefrom another. Someof thesearethefollowing:
1. Density istheweight of aunit volumeof asubstance.
2. Specific gravity istheratio of theweight of agiven volumeof a
substanceto theweight of thesamevolumeof water at thesame
temperature.
3. Hardnessistheability of thesubstanceto resist scratching.
4. Odor isthecharacteristicsodor of agiven substance.
5. Color isthecharacteristicscolor of agiven substance.
Accidental physical properties arethosefeaturesasweight,
dimensions, and volume. They havenothing to do with thenatureof
thesubstance, but they enableusto find out how much of agiven
substancewehave.
Specific and accidental

22. Chemical Properties
Chemical propertiesof asubstancedescribehow a
substanceactswhen it undergoeschange. They
describeitsability to form new substancesunder
given conditions.
A chemical changeor achemical reaction isachange
from onesubstanceto another. thereactionsoccur.
Someof thechemical propertiesare: combustibility,
stability, relativeactivity, responseto test reaction,
and ionization.

23. States of Matterand Changes of
State.

24. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties
• Intrinsic (intensive) Propertiesare
propertiesthat do not depend on thesize
of thesample. Examplesarecolor, odor,
boiling point, and electrical conductivity.
• Extrinsic (Extensive) Propertiesare
propertiesthat depend on thesizeor
amount of thesample. Examplesaremass
and volume.

25. Law of Conservation of Mass
• TheLaw of Conservation of Massstatethat mass
isneither created nor destroyed. An exampleis
shown in thecompletecombustion of gasoline.
Therelationship istruewithin thelimitsof one’s
ability to determinetheweightsof thereacting
substancesand theproductsof thereaction:
Gasoline+ oxygen ----> carbon dioxide+ water
vapor
Weight of reactants= weight of products

26. Identify whether thefollowing arephysical or
chemical changes:
• ___________________1. welding metals
• ___________________2. ripening of fruits
• ___________________3. grinding rice
• ___________________4. dissolving sugar in
water
• ___________________5. burning gas
• ___________________6. magnetizing iron nails
• ___________________7. melting of butter
• ___________________8. hair bleaching
• ___________________9. souring of milk
• ___________________10. brewing of coffee

27. Classify thefollowing aseither an element, a
compound, or amixture:
• ___________________1. gasoline
• ___________________2. dry ice
• ___________________3. aluminum wire
• ___________________4. diamond
• ___________________5. lead pencil
• ___________________6. toothpaste
• ___________________7. penny
• ___________________8. platinum
• ___________________9. glue
• ___________________10. rubbing alcohol

28. Classify thefollowing propertiesasintrinsic or
extrinsic:
• ___________________1. volume
• ___________________2. density
• ___________________3. length
• ___________________4. color
• ___________________5. freezing point
• ___________________6. electrical conductivity
• ___________________7. mass
• ___________________8. odor
• ___________________9. boiling point
• ___________________10. luster

29. Kinetic Molecular Theory
• showshow individual gasparticles
interact with oneanother.
Assumptionsof KMT:
• Moleculesarepoint masses(they
haveno volume)
• Gasmoleculesexert no forceon
each other unlessthey collide
• Collisionsof moleculeswith each
other or thewallsof thecontainer
do not decreasetheenergy of the
system
• Themoleculesof agasarein
constant and random motion
• Thetemperatureof agasdepends
on itsaveragekinetic
energyavg(1/2mv 2
) = 3/2kT . In
other words, theenergy of an ideal
gasisentirely kinetic.

30. Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion -
refersto the
attraction
between like
molecules.
Adhesion –
refersto the
attraction
between unlike
molecules.

31. Cohesion in Solids
• Tenacity – theability of
amaterial to resist being
pulled apart. Ex…steel,
tungsten, iron and
bronze
• Malleability – thestate
of being malleable, or
capableof being shaped,
asby hammering or
pressing

32. • Ductility - theability of
material, such assteel, to
bedrawn out into thin
wiresor flat sheetswithout
pulling apart or breaking.
Materialsthat are
extremely ductilecan be
stretched thin without
cracking and losing their
strength.
• Hardness- defined by
how well asubstancewill
resist scratching by another
substance.

33. Cohesion in Liquids
• Surfacetension - theproperty of the
surfaceof aliquid that allowsit to
resist an external force, dueto the
cohesivenatureof itsmolecules.
• aprinciplethat explainswhy fluids
areoften drawn up into other
substances. Thisphenomenon isalso
sometimesdescribed as“capillarity.”
A classic exampleof thisaction
involvesapaper towel and aspilled
puddleof water: when thetowel is
dipped into thewater, it sucksthe
water up. It explainsalargenumber
of eventsthat occur in nature, from
how treesmanageto get water all the
way up to their crownsto theway in
which water seemsto climb up a
straw.

34. Formsof Energy
• Potential Energy isany typeof stored energy. It
can bechemical, nuclear, gravitational or
mechanical.
• Kinetic Energy isenergy in motion. An airplane
flying or ameteor plummeting each havekinetic
energy. Even thetiniest thingshavekinetic
energy, likeatomsvibrating when they arehot or
when they transmit sound waves. Electricity isthe
kinetic energy of flowing electronsbetween
atoms.

35. Energy – capacity to do work.
• Potential Energy is any type
of stored energy. It can
be chemical, nuclear,
gravitational or mechanical.
• Kinetic Energy is found in
movement. An airplane flying
or a meteor plummeting each
have kinetic energy. Even the
tiniest things have kinetic
energy, like atoms vibrating
when they are hot or when
they transmit sound waves
energy of flowing electrons
between atoms.