Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Why is it that everyone is in the pursuit of the good life? One must find the truth what the good is before one can even try to locate that which is good.
This is the first chapter of the course Readings in Philippine History as per the course guide from Commission on Higher Education.
Course sub-topics:
1. Meaning and Relevance of History
2. Distinction of Primary and Secondary source; External and Internal Criticism
This is the second chapter of the course Readings in Philippine History as per the Commission on Higher Education.
Course sub-topics:
1. "First Voyage Around the World"
2. "Customs of the Tagalogs"
3. "Kartilya ng Katipunan"
4. "Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan"
5. "Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino"
6. "Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era"
7. "Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood"
8. "President Corazon Aquino's Speech Before the US Congress"
9. "Raiders of the Sulu Sea"
10. Works of Luna and Amorsolo
This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society.
Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development.
Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play.
Why is it that everyone is in the pursuit of the good life? One must find the truth what the good is before one can even try to locate that which is good.
This is the first chapter of the course Readings in Philippine History as per the course guide from Commission on Higher Education.
Course sub-topics:
1. Meaning and Relevance of History
2. Distinction of Primary and Secondary source; External and Internal Criticism
This is the second chapter of the course Readings in Philippine History as per the Commission on Higher Education.
Course sub-topics:
1. "First Voyage Around the World"
2. "Customs of the Tagalogs"
3. "Kartilya ng Katipunan"
4. "Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan"
5. "Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino"
6. "Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era"
7. "Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood"
8. "President Corazon Aquino's Speech Before the US Congress"
9. "Raiders of the Sulu Sea"
10. Works of Luna and Amorsolo
This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society.
Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development.
Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play.
Chapter 4 ST - Science Technology in the Philippines: Significant Developments in Science and technology including Pre-colonial, Hispanic Philippines, American Period, and the Contemporary Philippines
Second-level Digital Divide and experiences of Schools and TeachersLiwayway Memije-Cruz
The second-level digital divide, is referred to as the production gap, and it describes the gap that separates the consumers of content on the Internet from the producers of content.
A hydrocarbon is a molecule whose structure includes only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons form bonds with other atoms in order to create organic compounds.
Hydrocarbon derivatives are based on simple hydrocarbon compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. Hydrocarbon derivatives contain at least one element other than hydrogen or carbon, such as oxygen, nitrogen or one of the halogen atoms (elements in column 7A of the Periodic Table.
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.
Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen,
Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural or spatial arrangements of the atoms within the molecule. The reason there are such a colossal number of organic compounds which is more than 10 million is partly due to isomerism.
Apportionment is Apportionment involves dividing something up, just like fair division.
Voting is a method for a group, such as, a meeting or an electorate to make a collective decision or express an opinion, usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism, as products of glucose (such as acetyl CoA) can be converted into lipids.
A Hamiltonian path is a path that visits each vertex of the graph exactly once.
A Hamiltonian circuit is a path that uses each vertex of a graph exactly once and returns to the starting vertex.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the different biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.
A graph is a diagram displaying data which show the relationship between two or more quantities, measurements or indicative numbers that may or may not have a specific mathematical formula relating them to each other.
Every organism is composed of several different types of human body tissue. The human body tissue is another way of describing how our cells are grouped together in a highly organized manner according to specific structure and function. These groupings of cells form tissues, which then make up organs and various parts of the body.
Reproduction means producing offspring that may or may not be exact copies of their parents. It is a part of a life cycle, which is a series of events wherein individuals grow, develop, and reproduce according to a program of instructions encoded in DNA, which they inherit from their parents. When cells divide, each daughter cell receives a complete copy of DNA and enough cytoplasmic machinery to start up its own operation. DNA contains the blueprints for making different proteins.
.Enzymes are proteins that catalyze or speed up chemical reactions. They also help digest the foods we eat food and heal our wounds. They play major roles in respiration, making proteins, and DNA replication..
Reproduction means producing offspring that may or may not be exact copies of their parents. It is a part of a life cycle, which is a series of events wherein individuals grow, develop, and reproduce according to a program of instructions encoded in DNA, which they inherit from their parents. When cells divide, each daughter cell receives a complete copy of DNA and enough cytoplasmic machinery to start up its own operation. DNA contains the blueprints for making different proteins.
Problem solving is the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues ,w hile reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way.
A truth table is a mathematical table utilized in logic - more specifically—specifically in relation with Boolean algebra, boolean functions, and propositional calculus.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
1. By Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
2.
3. SCIENCE concerted human effort to
understand, or to
understand better, the
history of the natural world
and how the natural world
works, with observable
physical evidence as the
basis of that
understanding.
done through observation
of natural phenomena,
and/or through
experimentation that tries
to simulate natural
processes under controlled
conditions.
4. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Science: knowledge about or study of the natural
world based on facts learned through experiments
and observation.
Technology: science or knowledge put into practical
use to solve problems or invent useful tools.
5. HOW IS SCIENCE USED IN TECHNOLOGY?
Science is the pursuit of knowledge about
the natural world through systematic
observation and experiments. Through
science, we develop new technologies.
Technology is the application of
scientifically gained knowledge for practical
purpose.
Scientists use technology in all their
experiments.
7. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. alter the way people live, connect, communicate and
transact, with profound effects on economic development.
2. key drivers to development, because technological and
scientific revolutions underpin economic advances,
improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure.
3. The technological revolutions of the 21st century are
emerging from entirely new sectors, based on micro-processors,
tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-technology.
Products are transforming business practices across the
economy, as well as the lives of all who have access to their
effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs will come from the
interaction of insights and applications arising when these
technologies converge.
8. 4. have the power to better the lives of
poor people in developing countries
5. differentiators between countries that
are able to tackle poverty effectively by
growing and developing their
economies, and those that are not.
6. engine of growth
7. interventions for cognitive
enhancement, proton cancer therapy
and genetic engineering
9. SOCIETY
The sum total of our
interactions as
humans, including the
interactions that we
engage in to figure
things out and to
make things
a group of individuals
involved in persistent
social interaction, or a
large social group
sharing the same
geographical or social
territory, typically
subject to the same
political authority and
dominant cultural
expectations.
10. WHAT DOES SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY MEAN?
Science and technology studies, or science,
technology and society studies (STS) is the study of
how society, politics, and culture affect scientific
research and technological innovation, and how
these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
11. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES
STS is a relatively recent discipline,
originating in the 60s and 70s, following
Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions (1962).
STS was the result of a “sociological turn” in
science studies.
STS makes the assumption that science
and technology are essentially intertwined
and that they are each profoundly social
and profoundly political
13. Science and tecnology have had a major impact
on society, and their impact is growing.
By making life easier, science has given man the
chance to pursue societal concerns such as
ethics, aesthetics, education, and justice; to
create cultures; and to improve human
conditions.
Science influences society through its
knowledge and world view. Scientific knowledge
and the procedures used by scientists influence
the way many individuals in society think about
themselves, others, and the environment. The
effect of science on society is neither entirely
beneficial nor entirely detrimental.
15. HOW SCIENCE CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON
SOCIETY?
Science influences society through its
knowledge and world view. Scientific
knowledge and the procedures used by
scientists influence the way many
individuals in society think about
themselves, others, and the environment.
The effect of science on society is neither
entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental.
16. WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY?
The impact of science and technology on
society is evident. But society also influences
science.
There are social influences on the direction
and emphasis of scientific and technological
development, through pressure groups on
specific issues, and through generally
accepted social views, values and priorities
18. Science and technology in the Philippines had
experienced periods of intense growth as well
as long periods of stagnation.
The main managing agency responsible for
science and technology is the Department of
Science and Technology.
Numerous national scientists have contributed
in different fields of science including Fe del
Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo
Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy,
Gavino Trono in the field of tropical marine
Phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of Food
technology and many more
19. PRE-SPANISH ERA
Even before the colonization by
the Spaniards in the Philippine
islands, the natives of the
archipelago already had
practices linked to science and
technology.
Filipinos were already aware of
the medicinal and therapeutic
properties of plants and the
methods of extracting medicine
from herbs.
They already had an alphabet,
number system, a weighing and
measuring system and a
calendar. Filipinos were already
engaged in farming,
shipbuilding, mining and
weaving.
The Banaue Rice Terraces are
among the sophisticated
products of engineering by pre-
Spanish era Filipinos.
20. SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
The colonization of the
Philippines contributed to
growth of science and
technology in the archipelago.
The Spanish introduced formal
education and founded scientific
institution.
During the early years of
Spanish rule in the Philippines.
Parish schools were established
where religion, reading, writing,
arithmetic and music was
taught.
Sanitation and more advanced
methods of agriculture was
taught to the natives.
Later the Spanish established
colleges and universities in the
archipelago including the oldest
existing university in Asia, the
University of Santo Tomas.
21. The Galleon Trade have
accounted in the Philippine
colonial economy.
Trade was given more focus
by the Spaniard colonial
authorities due to the
prospects of big profits.
Agriculture and industrial
development on the other
hand were relatively
neglected.
The opening of the Suez
Canal saw the influx of
European visitors to the
Spanish colony and some
Filipinos were able to study
in Europe who were
probably influenced by the
rapid development of
scientific ideals brought by
the Age of Enlightenment.
22. AMERICAN PERIOD
The progress of science and technology in the
Philippines continued under American rule of the
islands.
On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission
established the Bureau of Government
Laboratories which was placed under the
Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the
Laboratorio Municipal, which was established
under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt
with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory
projects.
On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government
Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of
Science and on December 8, 1933, the National
Research Council of the Philippines was
established.
The Bureau of Science became the primary
23. POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
During the 1970s, which was under the time of
Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance
given to science grew.
Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV,
Section 1, the government's role in supporting
scientific research and invention was
acknowledged.
In 1974, a science development program was
included in the government's Four-Year
Development Plan which covers the years 1974-
1978.
Funding for science was also increased.[4] The
National Science Development Board was replaced
by the National Science and Technology Authority
under Executive Order No. 784. A Scientific Career
in the civil service was introiduced in 1983.
24. AMERICAN PERIOD
Science during the American period was inclined towards
agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and
pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of
industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United
States which nurtured an economy geared towards
agriculture and trade.[4]
In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute
of Science. In a report by the US Economic Survey to the
Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which
were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support
of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific
research and low salaries of scientists employed by the
government. In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos
P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of
1958 which established the National Science Development
25. POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the
National Science and Technology Authority was
replaced by the Department of Science and
Technology, giving science and technology a
representation in the cabinet.
Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan
for the years 1987-1992, science and technology's
role in economic recovery and sustained economic
growth was highlighted.
During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address
in 1990, she said that science and technology
development shall be one of the top three priorities of
the government towards an economic recovery.
26. POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the
Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science
and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of
STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly
industrialized country status by the year 2000.
The Congress did not put much priority in handling
bills related to science and technology. The Senate
Committee on Science and Technology was one of
the committees that handles the least amount of
bills for deliberation.
27. POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
Former Science and Technology secretary,
Ceferin Follosco, reported that the budget
allocation for science and technology was
increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from
the previous year's 464 million pesos.
However, due to the Asian financial crisis,
budget allocation for the years 1990 and 1991
were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million
pesos respectively. Budget allocation were
increased to 1.7 billion pesos in 1992
29. a typical example or pattern of something.
a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns,
including theories, research methods, postulates,
and standards for what constitutes legitimate
contributions to a field.
30. WHAT IS A PARADIGM SHIFT?
a fundamental change in approach or underlying
assumptions.
a concept identified by the American physicist and
philosopher Thomas Kuhn
a fundamental change in the basic concepts and
experimental practices of a scientific discipline. Kuhn
presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his influential
book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).
31. WHY ARE PARADIGM SHIFTS IMPORTANT?
Paradigm shift is another
expression for more
significant changes
within belief systems.
Within philosophy of
science this concept is
sometimes considered
important and is
sometimes given great
attention within
education.
33. THOMAS SAMUEL KUHN
Thomas Samuel Kuhn
(/kuːn/; July 18, 1922 –
June 17, 1996) was an
American physicist,
historian and philosopher
of science whose
controversial 1962 book
The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions was
influential in both
academic and popular
circles,
34. THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS
a book about the
history of science by
the philosopher
Thomas S. Kuhn.
its publication was a
landmark event in the
history, philosophy,
and sociology of
scientific knowledge.
35. THE KUHN CYCLE
a simple cycle of
progress described by
Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in
his seminal work The
Structure of Scientific
Revolutions.
In Structure Kuhn
challenged the world's
current conception of
science, which was that
it was a steady
progression of the
accumulation of new
ideas.
36. KUHN’S PARADIGM
Kuhn showed this viewpoint was wrong.
Science advanced the most by occasional revolutionary
explosions of new knowledge, each revolution triggered by
introduction of new ways of thought so large they must be
called new paradigms.
Kuhn argues that paradigms change in scientific
revolutions. Scientists go through a crisis and transition to
a new paradigm, a new way of seeing the world. It is not
possible to compare paradigms and it is not possible to say
whether one is more right than the other.
Kuhn argues that science is not moved by a rational
process but more by a social unity. In contrast with Popper
then Kuhn presents a descriptive theory in which Kuhn try
to observe the factual scientific fields in order to
understand how they function in practice.
38. PRE-SCIENCE.
also called the pre-
paradigm stage,
the pre-step to the main
Kuhn Cycle. In Prescience
there is not yet a model of
understanding (the field's
paradigm) mature enough
to solve the field's main
problems.
The field has no workable
paradigm to successfully
guide its work.
39. NORMAL SCIENCE
identified and elaborated
on by Thomas Samuel
Kuhn in The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions, is
the regular work of
scientists theorizing,
observing, and
experimenting within a
settled paradigm or
explanatory framework.
where the field has a
scientifically based
model of understanding
(a paradigm) that works.
40. MODEL DRIFT
The model of
understanding starts
to drift, due to
accumulation of
anomalies, and
phenomenon, the
model cannot explain.
41. MODEL CRISIS
the most important step
of them all in the Kuhn
Cycle.
The Model Drift
becomes so excessive
the model is broken. It
can no longer serve as
a reliable guide to
problem solving.
Attempts to patch the
model up to make it
work fail. The field is in
anguish.
42. . MODEL REVOLUTION
begins when serious
candidates for a new
model emerge. It's a
revolution because the
new model is so radically
different from the old one.
a field's model of
understanding is
undergoing revolutionary
change. The old model
failed, which caused the
Model Crisis step. The
Model Revolution step
begins when one or more
competing new models
emerge from the crisis.
43. PARADIGM CHANGE
also called a paradigm shift,
Earlier steps have created
the new model of
understanding (the new
paradigm).
In the Paradigm Change
step the new paradigm is
taught to newcomers to the
field, as well as to those
already in it. When the new
paradigm becomes the
generally accepted guide to
one's work, the step is
complete. The field is now
back to the Normal Science
step and a Kuhn Cycle is
44. VIDEOS/ YOU TUBE
Stephen Colbert’s interview with Neil Tyson
World’s Greatest inventions
Philippine Great Inventions
Scientific Reductionism
What is a Paradigm?
47. SOCIETY / ETHICS
Slavery is acceptable to now
slavery being unacceptable
Role of Children in Society -
Child labor was, now is not
acceptable
·Male Superiority - Beating
wives was, now is not
acceptable
Reading and the Control
over information - Invention
of the printing press (& other
major inventions) allowed for
the elites control over
reading / writing to end.
The Reformation- broke
monopoly of Catholic
Church and Christian's
"relationship" with God.
48. NATURAL SCIENCES
Darwin’s theory of evolution
Plate Tectonics— create a physical model of the
Earth's structure
Albert Einstein’s space-time is not fixed or objective—
subject to observer’s state of motion relative to other
object.
49. HUMAN SCIENCES
Psychology: Sigmund
Freud—we are not
fully in control of our
behavior—a
subconscious part
operate
Economics—
government
intervention in
economy is now
accepted.
50. THE ARTS
The Realist paradigm: the purpose of art
is to copy reality.
Shakespeare's impact on drama / theater
Jazz & rock revolutionizing music
51. BIBLIOGRAPHY
o http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/articles/kuhn
_paradigm.htm
o https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/Kuhn.html
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Re
volutions#/media/File:Structure-of-scientific-rev
o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/KuhnCycle.htm
o http://noteshelf.org/thomas-kuhn-paradigm-theory/
o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/Pre-science.htm
o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/KuhnCycle.htm
o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/ModelCrisis.htm
o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/ModelRevolution.htm