Atomic Structure and the Periodic TablePaul Schumann
Sharon Williams, Water Valley High School
Presented at CAST 2008, ACT2 Strand, 11/6/09
Objectives
Identify important developments in the history of atomic theory.
Summarize Dalton’s atomic theory.
Describe the size of an atom.
Distinguish among protons, electrons, and neutrons in terms of relative mass and change.
Describe the structure of an atom, including the location of the protons, electrons, and neutrons with respect to the nucleus.
Explain how the atomic number identifies an element.
Use the atomic number and mass number of an element to find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Explain how isotopes differ and why the atomic masses of elements are not whole numbers.
Calculate the average atomic mass of an element from isotope data.
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Atomic Structure and the Periodic TablePaul Schumann
Sharon Williams, Water Valley High School
Presented at CAST 2008, ACT2 Strand, 11/6/09
Objectives
Identify important developments in the history of atomic theory.
Summarize Dalton’s atomic theory.
Describe the size of an atom.
Distinguish among protons, electrons, and neutrons in terms of relative mass and change.
Describe the structure of an atom, including the location of the protons, electrons, and neutrons with respect to the nucleus.
Explain how the atomic number identifies an element.
Use the atomic number and mass number of an element to find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Explain how isotopes differ and why the atomic masses of elements are not whole numbers.
Calculate the average atomic mass of an element from isotope data.
JEE (Mains) and MH-CET Coaching Classes NagpurSomalwarAcadamy
Somalwar Academy of Professional Studies (SAPS) is the best training Classes in Nagpur , We have certainty in foreseeable progress . Educating is propelling sponsorship for a lone individual in getting change and achievement.saps coaching classes immediate enduring all through the these term courses Jee(mains) and MH-CET.
This is a tried and true 7 keys to winning football games. A head football coach that designs his practice and workouts around these key factors will have a competitive football program.
Social Media for Assisted Living: Best Friend or Worst Enemy?Laura Click
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This presentation offers up some tips for how assisted living organizations can use social media to engage with their residents, families and even prospects.
This also covers some of the pitfalls and downsides to social media, how to handle it when it happens and how to prevent it in the future.
Webinar – Bringing Networks to Life
This webinar provides practical advice and tips for creating data visualization applications to increase user engagement. Using real-world examples, visualization expert, Nathanial Benson, outlines the tactics required to build interesting, intuitive and informative data visualizations.
Suitable for a technical and non-technical audience.
Dronacharya is one of engineering colleges in Delhi and AICTE approved,Top Engineering Colleges in Gurgoan, Bset Engineering College, Engineering College In Dlhi/Gurgaon.
ACCU16 "Let's Not Repeat the Mistakes of SOA: 'Micro' Services, Macro Organis...Daniel Bryant
The technology changes required when implementing a microservice-based application are only one part of the equation. The business and organisation will also most likely have to fundamentally change. In an ideal world, this shouldn’t be a problem - what with the rise of agile, lean and DevOps - but this is not always the situation Daniel encounters in his consulting travels. He would like to share with you some stories of successful (and not so successful) strategies and tactics he has used over the past four years when introducing service-oriented architecture into organisations.
Join Daniel for a whistle-stop tour of the business and people challenges that he has experienced first hand when implementing a greenfield microservice project, and also breaking down a monolith. You will discover ‘divided companies’ vs ‘connected companies’, determine the actual impact of conway’s law, briefly touch on the lean startup/enterprise mindset, dive into change management without the management double-speak, and look at the lightweight processes needed to ensure the technical success of a microservices implementation.
Nuclear physithese slides are related to the introduction of nuclear physics some contents is given which are related to the discovery of nucleus. The history of atoms etc
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Introduction
• Substance are made of molecules or atoms
• Atom is smallest, indivisible particle having
independent existence
• John Dalton gave this concept.
3. What we will see this chapter?
• How concept of atom changed over time?
• How the different components of atom were
found?
• Various experiments that evolved Atomic
theory
• Isotopes
• Radioactivity
4. Chronology
Cathode Rays & Discovery of Electrons
X-Rays (1896)
Alpha, Beta, Gamma Rays
Idea of Proton
Thomsons Atomic Model
Rutherfords Atomic Model
Bohr model – electron arrangement
Neutron discovered – Chadwick (1932)
7. • The line diagram of electric discharge tube is
given
• Vacuum is created in this tube
• Two metal plates in tube are Cathode (-ve)
and Anode (+ve) terminals
• On joining with battery, Cathode rays are
produced from cathode
• They have negative charge
• They move towards the Anode
• These are actually the flow of Electrons
• J J Thomson and Crookes proved that Cathode
rays were in fact flow of Electrons
10. Hi, I’m Rontgen
I discovered X – Rays in
1896
They are also
called Rontgen
rays after me
11. • In cathode ray tube, cathode rays were
travelling in straight line
• They were made to strike the walls of tube
• New type of rays formed
• They travelled in straight line and were not
deviated in strong Electromagnetic field
• Could pass through opaque substances like
black paper
• They affected photographic plates
• He named them X -rays
12. • Cathode rays is beam of electrons
• X – rays are electromagnetic waves having
very short wavelength
• If electrons having very high velocity are
stopped by putting some type of resistance
(anti- cathode) the X –rays are produced
16. Uses of X- rays
• In medical science
• To detect fracture in bones
• To observe lung defect
• To diagnose cancer of oesophagus
• To diagnose physical disabilities
18. • In 1889, Ernst Rutherford found Alpha and
Beta rays from radioactive atom like Uranium
• Later, Willard discovered Gamma rays.
• Alpha rays – Positive electric charge
• Beta rays – Negative electric charge
• Gamma rays – do not possess electric charge
• Gamma rays – electromagnetic rays , have
highest penetration power
19.
20. Conclusions of Rutherford
• Atoms must have at least two types of
particles
• Some should have +ve charge, some –ve
• Number of particles having +ve charge should
be equal to number of particles of –ve charge
• Atom is electrically neutral
Neutrons
• +ve charge ---- protons
still not
• -ve charge ---- electrons discovered
21. Ernst Rutherford
Rutherfords model of atom showing Proton in
centre (nucleus) and electrons around it
So how does the atom look???
22. This question was attempted by three people
1) J. Thomson
2) Rutherford
3) Neil Bohr
24. • Atom is like a spherical ball
• Positive electric charge is uniformly spread on
its total volume
• Protons possessing +ve electric charge and
Electrons possessing –ve electric charge are
arranged at definite places
25. Limitations of Thomsons Model
• The positive and negative particles being
together would attract each other and
become chargeless
• It could not explain the chemical properties of
different elements
27. • The proton is 1836 times heavier than
electron
• How are they arranged?
• This is what Rutherford tried to answer.
• He made Alpha rays obtained from radioactive
Polonium (Po) fall on one side of a very thin
(0.004mm thick) gold foil
28.
29. • If the atom is like a sphere (Thomson model)
then all Alpha rays should return back after
striking foil.
• But,
• Rutherford observed that most rays passed
straight through and only very few got
deviated or got thrown back
• Proportion of Alpha rays returning and those
passing through was 1 : 1200
Mr. Thomson you are wrong!!!
30. Rutherford’s conclusions
• Centre of atom must be very small, heavy and
positively charged
• He named it Nucleus
• Around nucleus, electrons with negligible
weight and possessing negative charge must
be arranged
• The atom must be very hollow
• Atomic nucleus was 105 times smaller than
total area of atom
31. If atom size is this stadium then,
Nucleus is size of a Peanut
put at centre
32. To summarize…..
• Atom is hollow
• Centre – heavy, very small, positively charged
nucleus
• Electrons – negligible mass, negatively
charged are arranged around nucleus
How are electrons arranged, Mr.
Bohr???
34. • Proposed model in 1912
• Electrons moving around nucleus in atomic
levels at fixed distance from nucleus
• This level is called Energy level or Orbit
• Electrons continuously move in these orbits
• They do not lose energy, so orbits are
stationary orbits
• Energy of orbit nearest nucleus is least
• As u go away from nucleus, energy of orbit
increases
35. Arrangement of electrons around
nucleus
• i) 1st orbit (K orbit) – 2 electrons
• ii) 2nd orbit (L orbit) – 8 electrons
• iii) 3rd orbit (M orbit) – 18 electrons
• iv) 4th orbit (N orbit) – 32 electrons
• 2nd, 3rd and 4th orbit have sub-orbits called
Orbitals
• First electrons fill 1st orbit then go stepwise to 2nd,
3rd and 4th orbits
40. • Electrons arranged in different orbits having
increasing energy around the nucleus
• Electrons in outermost orbit are responsible
for emission spectra and chemical properties
• They are called Valence electrons
• Valency = number of electrons in valence orbit
42. • Rutherford had suggested in 1920 that the
element Helium (He) after Hydrogen (H) has 2
protons, so its mass should be double than
Hydrogen
• But it was later found that He mass was 4
times mass of Hydrogen
• Why was this so?
• There must be something else in the atom (i.e.
in nucleus) apart from proton and electron
43. • These particles would have mass almost equal
to that of protons (electrons have negligible
mass)
• These particles also would have no electric
charge
• They were named Neutrons (n)
• In 1932, Chadwick discovered Neutrons
44. Properties of neutrons
• Do not possess any electric charge
• It is neutral
• Mass almost equal to mass of proton
• 1838 times more mass than electron
46. Atomic mass
• Total mass of atom = mass of proton +
neutron + electron
• But electron have negligible mass compared
to proton and neutron
• So mass of atom = mass of proton + mass of
neutron
• A=p+n
49. • Some elements have more than one mass
• They are called Isotopes
• Now, A = p + n
• If the number of protons remain same (atomic
number) but number of neutrons vary than
the element will have different masses
• Atomic masses different – but chemical
properties similar (same element)
50. • Iso – same
• Topes – place
• Thus the atoms of elements whose position in
the periodic table is same are called Isotopes
55. Radioactivity
• The isotopes of elements having high atomic
masses possess the property of radioactivity
• Not all high mass elements are radioactive
• Eg. Lead is not radioactive
• As atomic number increases, number of
protons also increase
• If no. of neutrons also increase the atom
becomes unstable
56. • This unstable atom will emit alpha, beta and
gamma rays
• It is radioactive
• Normally,
• If the ratio of neutrons to protons exceeds 1.6,
the property of radioactivity is acquired
59. Use of radioactive isotopes
• Determining age of old trees
• Age of fossils
• Radiometric dating
• Medical treatments
• Industries
• Treatment of diseases like cancer, etc.