This document discusses the different states and phases of matter. It begins by explaining the traditional three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. It then notes that advances in experimental techniques have revealed additional states like Bose-Einstein condensates and quark-gluon plasma. The document traces the history of theories of matter, from early Greek philosophers proposing atoms as the fundamental building blocks of matter, to the modern particle-based view of subatomic matter.

2.  Matter
commonly exists in four states (or
phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma.
However, advances in experimental techniques
have revealed other previously theoretical
phases, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and
fermionic condensates. A focus on an
elementary-particle view of matter also leads to
new phases of matter, such as the quark–gluon
plasma. For much of the history of the natural
sciences people have contemplated the exact
nature of matter. The idea that matter was built
of discrete building blocks, the so-called
particulate theory of matter, was first put
forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus
(~490 BC) and Democritus (~470–380 BC).

3.  People
describe objects in many ways using
size, shape, colors, and textures. Describing
objects by using
-size (place images here)
-shape
-color
-texture
uses an object's properties. A property
describes how an object looks, feels, or acts.
The objects shown here have different kinds
of properties:

4. Properties of all objects
 Objects take up space.
All objects take up space. Your computer is taking
up space on the desk. You are taking up space on the
chair.
 Objects have mass.
Mass is how much there is of an object. Mass is
related to how much something weighs. Mass and
weight are two different things. The unit for mass is
a gram. A nickel has the mass of about one gram.
Objects that take up space and have mass are called
matter. Everything around you is made up of matter.
Chocolate cake is made up of matter. You are made
of matter.
If you are having trouble understanding matter, look
all around you. You can see matter makes up the
walls of your house and your classroom. Matter is
large and matter is small. Do you get it yet?

5. Properties of Matter




Remember all objects take up space and have mass.
You use your sense of taste and smell to tell the
difference between spinach and an orange.
Physical properties- The measurement of mass and
other characteristics that can be seen without changing
how that object looks are its physical properties. When
you look at oranges, you know that they are oranges
because of their color, shape, and smell. Mass, color,
shape, volume, and density are some physical
properties. The answers to the question about the
present are physical properties.
Density is an important physical property. Density is
the mass of a substance per unit volume. Volume is the
amount of space an object occupies.
Chemical properties- These are properties that can only
be observed by changing the identity of the substance.
A piece of paper burns and turns to a black substance.
After the flame goes out you can no longer burn the
new substance. The chemical properties have been
changed.

6. 



Properties are constantly changing...
Matter is constantly changing. Ice in your soda melts, glass
breaks, paper is ripped. When ice in your soda melts where
does it go? What does it become?
If you remember, ice is water in the solid state. If you don't
remember this or don't know it, you should go back and review
states of water. When you drop the ice cube into the liquid, it
begins to melt because the temperature is higher than that of
the ice cube. It's like putting a snowman on your front lawn in
July. The ice cube becomes liquid water. This is an example of
a physical change. The solid water turned to liquid water. It
doesn't turn into soil or macaroni. It remains water. If it did
change into soil or macaroni, your drink would taste terrible
and you would have an example of a chemical change.
Chemical changes are changing substances into other
substances. If it could happen, ice changing into macaroni
would be an example of a chemical change. A real example of a
chemical change is spoiling milk or burning toast. Milk needs
to be in the refrigerator or else it will go bad. If you've ever
seen or smelled spoiled milk, it is not a pretty sight. The milk
gets a sour odor and becomes lumpy. Unlike physical
changes, you cannot reverse chemical changes. You can melt
ice to get water and freeze that water to get ice again. You
cannot make milk unspoiled.

8. Properties
describe matter. A
block of wood, milk, and air all
have properties. All the material
on earth is in three states-solid,
liquid, and gas. The "state" of the
matter refers to the group of
matter with the same properties.
In other words, you group the
objects together according to
their properties.

9. SOLIDS
THE WOOD BLOCK IS SOLID. A SOLID HAS
A CERTAIN SIZE AND SHAPE. THE WOOD
BLOCK DOES NOT CHANGE SIZE OR SHAPE.
OTHER EXAMPLES OF SOLIDS ARE THE
COMPUTER, THE DESK, AND THE FLOOR.
YOU CAN CHANGE THE SHAPE OF SOLIDS.
YOU CHANGE THE SHAPE OF SHEETS OF
LUMBER BY SAWING IT IN HALF OR
BURNING IT.

11. Liquids
 Milk is a liquid. Milk is liquid matter. It has a size or
volume. Volume means it takes up space. But milk
doesn't have a definite shape. It takes the shape of
its container.
 Liquids can flow, be poured, and spilled. Did you
ever spill juice? Did you notice how the liquid goes
everywhere and you have to hurry and wipe it up?
The liquid is taking the shape of the floor and the
floor is expansive limitless boundary (until it hits
the wall). You can't spill a wooden block. You can
drop it and it still has the same shape.

13.  What
about jello and peanut butter?
 You can spread peanut butter on
bread, but peanut butter does not
flow. It is not a liquid at room
temperature. You have to heat peanut
butter up to make it a liquid. When
you or your mom makes jello, it is
first a liquid. You have to put it in the
refrigerator so that it becomes a
solid. These are yummy forms of
matter with properties of a liquid and
a solid.

14. Gases
 Run in place very fast for a minute. Do you
notice how hard you are breathing? What you
are breathing is oxygen? You need oxygen to
live. That's why you can only hold your
breath for a certain amount of time.
 You can't see oxygen. It's invisible. It is a gas.
A gas is matter that has no shape or size of
its own. Gases have no color.
 Gases are all around you. You can feel gas
when the wind blows. The wind is moving air.
Air is many gases mixed together.

18. What is Matter-Review?
 A property describes how an object
looks, feels, or acts.
All objects take up space.
All objects take up mass.
Matter is anything that takes up space
and has mass.
There are many kinds of atoms.
Fun stuff to do with matter-It's
coming!

20. Forms of Energy
 You have heard of the word "energy" all your
life.. You need to eat vegetables to grow
strong and have "energy". You need to go to
bed early so you will have "energy" in the
morning to go to school. Energy is the ability
to do work. Energy is everywhere in naturesunlight, wind, water, plants, and animals. We
use energy everyday.
 Two kinds of energy are kinetic and potential.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
Potential energy is stored energy. A good
example of kinetic and potential energy is a
frog leaping. A frog sitting on a lily pad is an
example of potential energy. The frog leaping
is an example of kinetic energy.

21. Different forms of energy are
-Light
-C hemical
-Mechanical
-Heat
-Electric
-Atomic
-Sound
 All these forms of energy can be broken down either into
kinetic or potential.
 Law of Conservation of Energy- Energy can neither be
created nor destroyed. Energy is always changing from
one kind to another. The total energy of an object never
changes.
 Potential energy + Kinetic energy = Total energy and Total
energy - Kinetic energy = Potential energy and Total
energy - Potential energy = Kinetic energy


22. Energy of Reactions
 All chemical reactions require energy to occur.
The rate of a reaction or how fast it occurs
depends on:
-the number of particles,
-the temperature, and
-the presence of any catalysts.
1. PARTICLE CONCENTRATION
If you add more soap to water, the more bubbles
will form. The higher the concentration of
particles in a reaction, the faster it will go.
Concentration is the number of particles in a
volume of space. Look at the boxes below, which
one will the reaction occur faster.

23. 2. TEMPERATURE
Temperature is an indicator of heat. If you want your
water to boil faster, you increase the temperature by
turning the knob on high. Most reactions go faster at
higher temperatures. Remember the difference
between water vapor particles and ice particles. Water
vapor particles move about more rapidly then ice
particles. Ice particles are moving in slow motion
compared to the gas particles. (animation)
3. CATALYSTS
Catalysts are substances that help make a reaction go
faster. Scientists believe adding a catalyst to a reaction
increases the number of particle collisions. A collision
is when something hits something else with great
energy. Some examples of catalysts are enzymes. There
are enzymes in your mouth that help speed up the
procees of digestion.

24. Energy and chemical reactions
 Chemical reactions require energy. This
energy can either be released or absorbed.
Chemical reactions that give up heat energy
are called exothermic reactions. The prefix
"exo" means "out" and "therm" means "heat".
Burning wood in a fireplace gives off heat to
warm you up. Most chemical reactions are
exothermic. Endothermic reactions absorb
heat. "Endo" means "in" and "thermic" means
"heat". Baking powder in dough causes bread
to rise. It absorbs the heat from the oven to
form carbon dioxide gas.

26. Measurement of Energy
 Temperature and Heat
 Heat is the result of the movement of matter. Temperature is
the measure of this movement of matter. You can tell the
difference between temperature in the winter and summer.
Winter is cold and summer is hot. You test the temperature
of hot soup by blowing on it and then taking quick tastes.
 But what is you wanted an exact measurement of
temperature? What if you wanted to know exact numbers
instead of just someone else's observations? A thermometer
is an instrument used for measuring temperature. When you
are sick, someone checks your temperature using a
thermometer. When it is in your mouth, the heat in your
mouth causes the liquid inside the glass column to expand
and rise. If you were stick the thermometer in ice water, the
cold temperature would cause the liquid inside to shrink and
fall.

27. A
scale is used to measure the rise and fall of
the liquid which is usually the element
mercury. One scale is called the Fahrenheit
scale name after the scientist Fahrenheit. On
the Fahrenheit scale, water freeezes at 32
degrees Fahrenheit and boils at 212 degrees
Fahrenheit. Another scale that is used nost
often all over the world is the Celsius scale.
Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and boils
at 100 degrees Celsius.
 What
takes longer to boil? A cup of water at
room temperature or a bucket of water at
room temperature?