Matter can be classified based on its properties, state, composition, and whether it undergoes physical or chemical changes. There are three main states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. Matter can also exist as a plasma at very high temperatures or as a Bose-Einstein condensate at very low temperatures. Matter is either a pure substance, which has a definite composition, or a mixture of substances. Pure substances can be elements or compounds. Chemical changes result in new substances forming, while physical changes do not alter the composition of the matter. The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in physical and chemical changes.
Lesson teaches students about Matter (grades 6-8) & talks about the atomic models & the history behind the way it has been established through physics.
This Lesson Also Includes:
1. Physical & Chemical Changes
2. States of Matter & Phase Changes in Matter
3. Molecular Movements in a Solid, Liquid, & Vapor
Lesson teaches students about Matter (grades 6-8) & talks about the atomic models & the history behind the way it has been established through physics.
This Lesson Also Includes:
1. Physical & Chemical Changes
2. States of Matter & Phase Changes in Matter
3. Molecular Movements in a Solid, Liquid, & Vapor
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
6. Properties of Matter fall under
two categories: Intensive and
Extensive
Extensive properties depend on the quantity of matter Intensive properties do not depend
on the quantity of matter.
Extensive Properties
are:
Length Width Height
Area Volume
Surface Area
Color Intensity or
Absorbance
Intensive Properties are:
Density Viscosity
Melting Point (same value as Freezing Point)
Boiling Point (same value as Condensation
Point)
Hardness (often interchangeably used as
Tensile Strength)
Malleability (Bending ability of metals)
Ductility (Ability of metals to be drawn into
wires)
9. Substance State Color Melting
Point (C°)
Boiling
Point (C°)
Density
(g/cm3
)
Oxygen O2 Gas Colorless -218 -183 0.0014
Mercury Hg Liquid Silvery-
white
-39 357 13.5
Bromine Br2 Liquid Red-brown -7 59 3.12
Water H2O Liquid Colorless 0 100 1.00
Sodium
Chloride
NaCl Solid White 801 1413 2.17
Example: Physical Properties
10. STATES OF MATTER
The Five States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensate
11. STATES OF MATTER
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles
12. STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
•Particles of solids
are tightly packed,
vibrating about a
fixed position.
•Solids have a
definite shape and a
definite volume. Heat
13. STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
Particles of liquids
are tightly packed,
but are far enough
apart to slide over
one another.
Liquids have an
indefinite shape
and a definite
volume.
Heat
14. STATES OF MATTER
GAS
Particles of
gases are very
far apart and
move freely.
Gases have an
indefinite
shape and an
indefinite
volume.
Heat
15. Phase Properties
Phase
Particle Properties
Proximity Energy Attraction Volume Shape
Solid
Liquid
Gas
close little strong definite definite
close moderate moderate definite indefinite
far apart a lot weak indefinite indefinite
16. But what happens if you raise
the temperature to super-high
levels…
between
1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything
just be a gas?
17. STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
A plasma is an
ionized gas.
A plasma is a
very good
conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields.
Plasmas, like
gases have an
indefinite shape
and an indefinite
volume.
18. STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
Tightly packed, in
a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not
move from place
to place
Close together
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate, move
about, and slide
past each other
Well separated
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate and move
freely at high
speeds
Has no definite
volume or shape
and is composed
of electrical
charged particles
22. The Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma state
23. But now what happens if you lower the
temperature way, way, down to
100 nano degrees above
“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything
just be a frozen
solid?
24. Not Necessarily!
In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert
Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th
state of matter which would occur at very
very low temperatures.
Einstein Bose
+
25. The 5th
state of matter:
Bose-Einstein Condensate
Finally, in 1995 (only 11
years ago!), Wolfgang
Ketterle and his team of
graduate students
discovered the 5th
state of
matter for the first time.
Ketterle and his students
26. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms
can no longer bounce around as
individuals.
Instead they must all act in exactly the
same way, and you can no longer tell
them apart!
32. Classification of Matter
by Composition
1) made of one type
of particle
2) All samples show
the same intensive
properties.
1) made of multiple
types of particles
2) Samples may
show different
intensive
properties.
32
34. Classification of Pure Substances
1) made of one
type of atom
(some
elements
found as multi-
atom
molecules in
nature)
2) combine
together to
make
compounds
1) made of one
type of
molecule, or
array of ions
2) units contain
two or more
different kinds
of atoms
34
35. Mixture: a physical blend of two or
more substances that are not
chemically combined.
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
36. Classification of Mixtures
1) made of
multiple
substances,
but appears
to be one
substance
2) All portions of
an individual
sample have
the same
composition
and
properties.
1) made of
multiple
substances,
whose
presence can
be seen
2) Portions of a
sample have
different
composition
and
properties.
36
49. Elements
The simplest substances.
Can not be separated into simpler
substances.
Building blocks of all matter.
More than 100 known elements.
Represented by chemical
symbols.
50. Chemical Symbols of Elements
System started by Jons Berzelius
(Sweden, 1779-1848)
One or two first letters of name of
the element.
Many elements names have roots
from: Latin, Greek, mythology,
geography, names of scientists.
51. Examples:
Americium, Am
Einsteinium, Es
Bromine, Br
Helium, He
Lead(Plumbum), Pb
Niobium, Nb
Iron (Ferrum), Fe
Mendelevium, Md
52. Compound
A substance that contains two or more
elements chemically combined.
Compounds have different properties
from the individual substances.
(Ex: H2O)
58. Chemical Properties
The ability of a substance to
transform into a new substance
(to undergo a chemical change).
Example: Magnesium reacts with
oxygen to form magnesium
oxide.
61. Physical Changes
Physical change: a change in the
physical properties of a substance.
Composition does not change.
May be reversible or irreversible.
Examples:
Reversible:
Irreversible:
62. Chemical Change
A change that produces matter with a
different composition than the original
matter.
Atoms rearrange themselves into new
combinations.