Non-flowering plants reproduce using spores rather than flowers and seeds. They are divided into three main groups: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Mosses belong to the division Bryophyta and have gametophyte and sporophyte phases in their life cycle. They reproduce asexually through fragmentation and gemmae, and sexually through the fertilization of eggs by sperm. Ferns belong to the division Pterophyta and have vascular tissues that allow them to grow larger than mosses. They also have alternation between gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Gymnosperms like conifers reproduce using naked seeds on cone scales rather than enclosed in fruits. They have a dominant

1. Non-flowering plants
life cycle

2. Non-flowering plants
• non-flowering plants are those that do not produce flowers or seeds.
They mainly produce using spores. The exception are gymnosperms
that produce seeds, but no flowers.
• non-flowering plants produce no flowers and in many cases, no
seeds, yet they still reproduce and flourish, using their own distinctive
methods.
• Most non-flowering plants are non-vascular

3. 3
Divisions
• Bryophyta – Moss
• Hepatophyta – liverworts
• Anthocerophyta - hornworts

4. Types of Non Flowering Plants
• There are three types of non flowering plants. These classifications
was based on
• The presence of roots.
• The absence of roots.
• Based on their seeds - spore bearing and naked seeds.

6. Mosses

7. 7
Division - Bryophyta
Sporophytes
Gametophytes

8. 8
Mosses
• Division Bryophyta
• Small, nonvascular plants
• NO true roots, stems, or
leaves
• Grow in moist areas (brick
walls, as thick mats on the
forest floor, on the sides
of trees)
Moss gametophytes

9. 9
Mosses
• Some can survive short
dry spells
• Must grow close
together for their life
cycle
• Sperm must swim to
egg through drops of
water
Moss growing on Moist tree trunk

10. 10
Mosses
• Have a outer waxy Cuticle to
prevent water loss
• Have root like Rhizoids to
anchor the plant, but NOT
absorb water
• Leaf like gametophyte
supports sporophyte with
spore capsule

11. General Characteristics of Mosses
• They belong to the kingdom of Phylum bryophyta.
• They are the simplest plants with the absence of true roots and
vascular tissues.
• They have simple stems, leaves and they do not produce flowers,
fruits and seeds.
• They reproduce through spores.
• They are small green coloured plants, which prepares their own food.
• They live in damp shady places.

12. How Do Mosses Reproduce?
• Mosses have sexual and asexual phases in their life cycle.
Asexual Sexual

13. 13
Asexual Reproduction in Moss
• May occur by Fragmentation
(pieces of gametophyte break
off & form new moss plants
• May occur by Gemmae (tiny
cup shaped structures on
gametophytes)
• Rain drops separate gemmae
from the parent plant so they
spread & form new moss
plants

14. 14
Sexual Reproduction in Moss
• Moss alternate between a dominant haploid (1n)
Gametophyte and a diploid (2n) Sporophyte
• Gametophytes produce gametes (eggs & sperm)
containing half the chromosome number
• Sporophytes have a complete set of chromosomes
& produces spores by meiosis

15. 15
Sexual Reproduction in Moss
• The sporophyte is smaller &
attached to the gametophyte
• Sporophyte lacks chlorophyll &
gets food from the gametophyte
• Sporophyte has a long, slender
stalk (setae) topped with a spore
producing capsule
setae
Spore
Capsule

16. 16
Sexual Reproduction in Moss
• Gametes (eggs & sperm)
are protected by a jacket of
sterile cells called the
Gametangia
• Archegonium – female
gametangia
• Eggs are larger & immobile

17. 17
Sexual Reproduction in Moss
• Antheridia – male
gametangia
• Antheridia forms many
sperm cells
• Sperm cells capable of
swimming to egg
• Sperm follow a chemical
trail released by the egg

18. 18
Sexual Reproduction in Moss
• Fertilized egg (zygote)
undergoes mitosis to develop
Sporophyte
• Spore capsule of sporophyte
makes haploid spores by
meiosis
• Spores germinate into juvenile
plants called protonema
• Protonema becomes the
gametophyte

19. 19

20. Ferns

21. 21
Division - Pterophyta
Ferns

22. General Characteristics of Ferns
They belong to the kingdom of Phylum pteridophytae.
• They are the simplest plants with the presence of roots, feathery leaves
and underground stems.
• They have vascular tissues, which helps in the transportation of water,
minerals and sugars throughout the plant.
• They have spore producing organs, which is present at the bottom of the
leaves.
• They live in damp shady places.
• There are approximately 12,000 varieties of ferns around the globe.
• They are large green coloured plants, which prepares their own food.
• They reproduce through spores.

23. 23
Ferns
• Largest group of extant
(living) vascular plants
• Wide range of habitats
(terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal
tree ferns, epiphytic)
• Can asexually reproduce by
Rhizomes (underground
stems)
Rhizome

24. 24
Ferns
• Dominant Sporophyte stage
has true roots, stems, and
leaves
• Roots and stems underground
• Leaves called fronds found
above ground and attached to
a stem like petiole
Fronds

25. 25
Ferns
• Newly forming fronds called
fiddleheads must uncurl
• Spore cases called sori are found
on the underside of fronds
• Wind spreads spores that land on
moist soil & germinate into a
prothallus
Prothallus

26. 26
Ferns
• The prothallus starts the
Gametophyte stage
• Gametophyte is heart
shaped and short lived
• Male antheridia & female
archegonia grow on
gametophyte
• Sperm swims to egg to
fertilize
Prothallus
Archegonia
(eggs)
Antheridia
Sperm

27. 27
Parts of the Fern Sporophyte

28. How Do Ferns Reproduce?
• They reproduce through spores found underneath of its leaves.

29. 29

30. Gymnosperms

31. GYMNOSPERMS
REPRODUCTION AND LIFE
CYCLE
THE NAKED SEEDS

32. Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms are any type of vascular plant that reproduce via an exposed
seed. While most flowering plants, known as angiosperms, have a seed
enclosed in an ovary or fruit, gymnosperms (which means “naked seeds”) do
not have covers on their seeds.
• Vascular tissue
• Use seeds for reproduction
• Cell walls with cellulose
• Don’t require water for reproduction
• Dominant sporophyte
• Microscopic gametophyte
• The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that
includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.
• By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers

33. BODY PLAN – Gymno only!
• Dominant diploid sporophyte
• Have roots, stems, leaves, vascular tissue
• Leaves = large or needle like
• Have two types of cones
• Produce spores  gametophyte
• Gametophyte depends on sporophyte for nutrition
• Gametophyte = naked seed produced on outside of cone

34. ADVANTAGES
• Transfer of pollen grains and development of
pollen tube eliminates the need for water for
sexual reproduction
• Gametophyte is very reduced and does not
develop in the soil as an independent generation,
instead the tiny gametophyte is contained and
protected within the moist reproductive tissue of
the sporophyte
• Evolution of the seed = protection of the dormant
embryo from drying out, cold …and is used to
disperse the seed to new habitats

35. Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms are any type of vascular plant that reproduce via an
exposed seed. While most flowering plants, known as angiosperms,
have a seed enclosed in an ovary or fruit, gymnosperms (which
means “naked seeds”) do not have covers on their seeds.
• The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that
includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.
• By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers

36. Cycads

37. DIVERSITY
Cycads
• These are woody evergreen plants with a palm-like appearance.
• There are separate male and female plants which are the sporophytes
of their life cycle.
• The male plants carry reproductive structures called
microsporophyllsThey produce pollen.
• The female plant produces megasporophylls that are loosely
arranged in a whorl in the middle of the leaves. They typically carry
large ovules. Cycads have the largest ovules in the plant kingdom.
• Cycads are wind or insect pollinated.

38. DIVERSITY
GINKO
• This is a monotypic division, a single species of a single genus, Ginkgo
biloba the maidenhair tree.. Ginkgo biloba was preserved in the
gardens of Buddhist monasteries in China and Japan where it was
encountered by Westerners in the eighteenth century. It has turned
out to be a valuable street tree because of its unusual foliage and
tolerance of pollution.

39. DIVERSITY CONIFER
• Conifer leaves are needle or scale-like
• often large and can dominate the plant life
in some ecosystems
• their stems continue to expand in width as
well as length throughout the life of the
plant
• The older parts of the stem become woody,
which provides a further distinction from
the seedless vascular plants of which there
are no surviving woody representatives.
• EX. Pine, Spruce, Cedar, Fir, Juniper…
Phylum Pinophyta – The Conifers

40. Conifers
• Conifers are a magnificent group of gymnosperm plants that produce seeds
without fruit or flowers.
• The conifers are by far the largest group of gymnosperms with around 630
species worldwide of a total approximation of around 860 species.
• Conifers are all woody plants, mostly trees plus a few shrubby species, they
have either needle-like or scale-like leaves and most species are evergreen.
• Cone-bearing evergreens such as firs, birches and pines reproduce by scaly
seeds that develop inside female cones.
• The smaller male cones carry microspores that produce pollen while the
larger female cones carry the ovules that form megaspores. The male and
female gametophytes develop inside the microspore and megaspore
respectively. The pollen is actually the male gametophyte.

41. THE CONIFER LIFE CYCLE
NAKED SEEDS  BIG TREES

42. The Dominant Sporophyte
• Diploid
• Produces male and female cones

43. BEGIN WITH DOMINANT SPRORPHYTE = MATURE TREE
• The plant produces both male and female cones
• MALE CONES ARE SMALL AND PRODUCE POLLEN
GRAINS
FEMALE CONES ARE LARGE

44. The Male Cone
• Appears in the spring
• Cells in the cone divide by meiosis and produce
small haploid spores  pollen grains
• Pollen Grain = immature male gametophyte
• Pollen grains are released into the air

46. Pollen grains

48. POLLINATION
• Pollen grain carried to female cone via wind
• When it arrives inside the female cone, each
pollen grain forms a tiny pollen tube
• Pollen Grain + Pollen Tube = Mature male gametophyte
• Pollen tube grows into female gametophyte until it
reaches an egg

50. FERTILIZATION
• Occurs deep within the protective tissues of the
parent sporophyte
• A sperm nucleus from the pollen grain unites with
the egg  zygote
• In Pine it takes 15 months from pollination to
fertilization

51. DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO
• Zygote cells undergo mitosis  embryo  sporophyte plant
• Embryo surrounded by food storage tissue (part of gametophyte)
• Protective coat of sporophyte tissue develops around embryo and
food
• By the time the food runs out, embryo has chlorophyll and can make
its own

53. Pines - Reproduction: