The document discusses the exploration and colonization of new lands by European powers beginning in the 15th century. It summarizes key explorers like Vasco de Gama, Christopher Columbus, and Ferdinand Magellan. It also discusses the rivalry between Portugal and Spain over territories, and how they divided influence through agreements like the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Spanish then began colonizing the Philippines in the 16th century, implementing systems like encomiendas to administer and extract tribute from the native population. They also sought to hispanize the natives through resettlement, education, and spreading Catholicism.

2. In Search of New Lands
Result of worldwide exploration and
expansion:
•Desire to gain new lands
•Power
•Wealth for explorers and their
countries

3. In Search of New Lands
Most important items of trade from the
East :

4. In Search of New Lands
• The fall of Constantinople & the
emergence of the Ottoman Turks
– closed the former trade routes to the
East, causing the monarchs and
navigators of Europe to find new routes
across the seas.

5. In Search of New Lands
Portugese Navigators who sailed to
reach down the East:
•Bartolome Dias
– Cape of Good Hope
•Vasco de Gama
– Calicut, India

6. In Search of New Lands
• Christopher Columbus
– failed to convince the King of Portugal
that he could reach the East by sailing
westward.
– was able to get the Support of Spanish
Crown.

7. In Search of New Lands
Portugal & Spain became keen rivals in
colonizing lands because of:
•gold
•spices
•other merchandise found in the Orient
•religious zeal to proselytize natives

8. In Search of New Lands
• Papal bull or Inter caetera
– was settled by Pope Alexander VI to
settle the rivalry on May 3, 1493.

9. In Search of New Lands
• Spanish zone
– West of the imaginary line drawn N-S,
100 leagues west of all Azores and
Cape Verde Islands.
• Portugal zone
– All the lands East of demarcation line.

10. In Search of New Lands
• Treaty of Tordesillas
– both kingdoms agreed to move the
demarcation line 370 leagues (about
1,100 mi) west of Cape Verde Islands
and still be guided by the provisions of
the papal bull.

11. In Search of New Lands
• Ferdinand Magellan
– member of nobility of Portugal sailed
with a fleet carrying the first Portuguese
viceroy to the East Indies and then sent
to Malacca in Malay Peninsula and the
spice markets of Ambon and Banda in
Western Malaysia.
– promoted to the rank of a captain.

12. In Search of New Lands
• astrolabe
– used in all explorations done by latitude
sailing.
• Moluccas or Spice Islands
– reached by Magellan after he
discovered the idea of passage to west
around South America.

13. In Search of New Lands
• March 28, 1518
– contract of expedition was signed and
Magellan was named captain general of
expedition.

14. Magellan’s New Route to the East
5 ships that left Spain together with
Magellan:

15. Voyage to the Philippines
• Islas de San Lazaro
– They saw the towering heights of Samar
on March 16, 1521.
• Rajah Kolambu
– First, refused to welcome Magellan but
soon welcomed the Europeans.

16. Voyage to the Philippines
• kasi kasi
– blood compact ceremony performed by
Rajah Kolambu and Magellan.
• Barangay Magallanes, Limasawa,
Southern Leyte
– The site of first Christian mass in the
Philippines.

17. Voyage to the Philippines
• Gian Battista Ramusio
– Butuan
• Antonio de Herrera
– Mazaua
• Father Colin
– Limasawa

18. Voyage to the Philippines
• Lapulapu
– another chieftain of Mactan whose real
name is Cali Pulacu
– refused to accept the new political
system and pay tribute.

19. Voyage to the Philippines
• poisoned arrow & bamboo spear
– hit Magellan’s right leg and struck his
face
• Battle of Mactan
– A scandalous defeat for Spaniards for
they were not able to prove themselves
better in combat.

20. Voyage to the Philippines
• 2 years, 11 months and 16 days
– the voyage around the world lasted.

21. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
• Recopilacion de leyes de los reymos
de las Indias (Compilation of Laws on
Royal Islands in the Indies)
– popularly known as Leyes de Indias
(Laws of the Indies)
– Was used by Spain to rule its extensive
possessions to the Philippines.

22. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
• encomienda
– administrative unit for the purpose of
exacting tribute from the natives and to
use the personal services of the King.
– pretence for slavery

23. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
• encomendero
– undertook ways to look after the well-
being of his people and educate them
with Spanish norms of conduct.
– ¼ of the total collection was given to
him

24. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
• cabeza de barangay
– collects the tribute and gave it to the
encomendero.
• Provincial government
– system replaced to the encomienda

25. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
2 types of Provincial Administration:
1.alcaldia-mayor (province)
2.corregimientos (territories)

26. The Spanish Conquest of the
Islands
• alcaldia-mayor
– where peace had been established by
the Spanish government placed under a
civil official called alcalde-mayor.
• corregimientos
– had not been completely pacified under
the charge of corregidores or politico-
military governors.

27. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
• pueblo
– or towns; province was divided into this.
• gobernadorcillos
– admnistered the pueblo.
• pincipalia
– prominent land-owning and propertied
citizens who could read, write and
speak Spanish.

28. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
Gubernatorial powers were made
possible through:
1.Audiencia Real or Royal Audiencia
2.Residencia
3.Visitador-general
4.Archbishop and clergy
5.Subordinate public officials

29. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
• One tribute
– Corresponds to one family, consisting of
husband, wife and minor children.
– equivalent to (8) reales or on peso
• Half of the tribute
– Has to be paid by unmarried man or
woman.

30. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
• cedula tax
– replaced the tribute.
• Polo
– forced labor and another form of
pacifying the natives.

31. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
• polista
– or worker; has to work 40 days a year in
the labor pool.
• falla (exemption fee)
– to be excluded in the polo

32. The Spanish Conquest of
the Islands
• Bandala
– refers to assignment of annual quotas to
each province for the compulsory sale
of products to the government.

33. Towards the Hispanization of
the Natives
• reduccion
– resettlement of inhabitants in Spanish-
style poblaciones.
• poblacion
– town center
– Organized around a rectangular plaza,
with the church and convent on one side
bounded by the tribunal and houses of
Spanish officials.

34. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
Societal Rank of Spanish Society:
1.espanoles
– both Spanish parents
1.espanoles peninsulares
– born in Spanish Peninsula
1.espaoles insulares
– born in the colony

35. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
4. mestizos & mestizas
-children of an espanol and an
indio or india.
•mestizo
– referred to the mestizos de sangley or
Chinese mestizos

36. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• mestizos de espanol
– Spanish mestizos
• indios or indios naturales
– pertaining to the natives of the
Philippines without Spanish or Chinese
ancestry.

37. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• Tomas Pinpin
– First Filipino printer
• Librong Pag-aaralan nang manga
Tagalog nang uicang Castila (Book
that the Tagalogs Should Study to
Learn Spanish)
– First published tagalog book

38. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• Cebu
– established the first Basic Education
• Archbishop Domingo de Salazar
– ordered that every town was to have
one school for boys and one school for
girls

39. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
Subjects taught in Basic Education:
•Cathecism
•Reading and Writing in the dialect
•Music
•The Rudiments of Arithmetic
•Trades and Industries

40. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• University of San Ignacio
– first founded university for boys.
2 kinds of schools for girls:
1.colegio (regular school)
2.beaterio (combined school and
nunnery)

41. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• Christiana en lengua espanola y
tagala
– earliest catechetical book printed sought
to explain the imortance of Christ,
chastity and devotion to God in the
vernacular.

42. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• pasion
– Written in verse and chanted during the
Lent.
– depicted the life and passion of Jesus
Christ

43. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• Gaspar Aquino de Belen
– wrote the first tagalog pasion.
• Father Mariano Pilapil
– wrote the second pasion Pasyong
Genesis and this was more preferred.

44. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• Sociedad Economica de los Amigos
del Pais (Economic Society of the
Friends of the Country)
– founded by Governor General Basco
– This society helped much in the
agricultural development of the country

45. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
Great products of the Philippines:
•Cotton
•Abaca
•Silk
•Pina
•Jusi

46. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• retablo
– the highest part inside the church.

47. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
Jesus Christ is represented in various
forms:
•Santo Nino- as a child
•Nazareno
•Santo Entierro- while placed inside a
sepulcher

48. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• Cristo Resucitado-resurrected Christ
• Santo Cristo- Christ on the cross

49. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• Misa de Aguinaldo (Mass of the Gift)
– The begin of joyous celebration;
popularly known as simbang gabi
• Misa de Gallo (Mass of the Rooster)
– Midnight mass on Christmas Eve

50. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• Panunuluyan
– a religious play which reenacts the
search by Joseph and Mary for an inn
has also been observed in some
parishes prior to the midnight mass.

51. Towards the Hispanization
of the Natives
• Flores de Mayo (Flowers of May)
– where devotees offer flowers everyday
at the church altar to honor the Blessed
Mother.
• Santa Cruz de Mayo (Santacruzan)
– Procession held to commemorate the
finding of the Holy Cross by Empress
Helena and Emeror Constantine.

52. Chinese in the Philippines
• Sangleys
– called to Chinese during Spanish times
• xiang and ley
– “traveling merchants”

53. Chinese in the Philippines
• Pacto de retro
– chinese mestizos were able to acquire
land
– a contract under which the borrower
who conveyed his land to the lender
could repurchase it for same amount of
money that he had received.

54. More Europeans in the
Islands
•October 5, 1762
– Manila fell into British hands, after a
white flag hoisted at Fort Santiago.

55. More Europeans in the
Islands
Three governors of Manila during the
British occupation:
1.Archbishop Rojo
2.Oidor Simon de Anda
3.Honorable Dawsonne Drake